There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The richness of optical and electronic properties of graphene attracts enormous interest. Graphene has high mobility and optical transparency, in addition to flexibility, robustness and environmental stability. So far, the main focus has been on fundamental physics and electronic devices. However, we believe its true potential lies in photonics and optoelectronics, where the combination of its unique optical and electronic properties can be fully exploited, even in the absence of a bandgap, and the linear dispersion of the Dirac electrons enables ultrawideband tunability. The rise of graphene in photonics and optoelectronics is shown by several recent results, ranging from solar cells and light-emitting devices to touch screens, photodetectors and ultrafast lasers. Here we review the state-of-the-art in this emerging field.

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Graphene photonics and optoelectronics

The Avogadro project has developed an advanced molecule editor and visualizer designed for cross-platform use in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. It offers flexible, high quality rendering, and a powerful plugin architecture. Typical uses include building molecular structures, formatting input files, and analyzing output of a wide variety of computational chemistry packages. By using the CML file format as its native document type, Avogadro seeks to enhance the semantic accessibility of chemical data types. The work presented here details the Avogadro library, which is a framework providing a code library and application programming interface (API) with three-dimensional visualization capabilities; and has direct applications to research and education in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. The Avogadro application provides a rich graphical interface using dynamically loaded plugins through the library itself. The application and library can each be extended by implementing a plugin module in C++ or Python to explore different visualization techniques, build/manipulate molecular structures, and interact with other programs. We describe some example extensions, one which uses a genetic algorithm to find stable crystal structures, and one which interfaces with the PackMol program to create packed, solvated structures for molecular dynamics simulations. The 1.0 release series of Avogadro is the main focus of the results discussed here. Avogadro offers a semantic chemical builder and platform for visualization and analysis. For users, it offers an easy-to-use builder, integrated support for downloading from common databases such as PubChem and the Protein Data Bank, extracting chemical data from a wide variety of formats, including computational chemistry output, and native, semantic support for the CML file format. For developers, it can be easily extended via a powerful plugin mechanism to support new features in organic chemistry, inorganic complexes, drug design, materials, biomolecules, and simulations. Avogadro is freely available under an open-source license from http://avogadro.openmolecules.net
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Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform

Volume 1: Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization PART 1: THEORY OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS On the Transport, Optical, and Self-Assembly Properties of -Conjugated Materials: A Combined Theoretical/Experimental Insight D. Beljonne, J. Cornil, V. Coropceanu, D.A. da Silva Filho, V. Geskin, R. Lazzaroni, P. Leclere, and J.-L. Bredas Theoretical Studies of Electron-Lattice Dynamics in Organic Systems S. Stafstroem PART 2: SYNTHESIS AND CLASSES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Helical Polyacetylene Synthesized in Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals K. Akagi Synthesis and Properties of Poly(arylene vinylene)s A.C. Grimsdale and A.B. Holmes Blue-Emitting Poly(para-Phenylene)-Type Polymers E.J.W. List and U. Scherf Poly(paraPhenyleneethynylene)s and Poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Materials with a Bright Future U.H.F. Bunz Polyaniline Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications J. Huang and R.B. Kaner Recent Advances in Polypyrrole S.H. Cho, K.T. Song, and J.Y. Lee Regioregular Polythiophenes M. Jeffries-El and R.D. McCullough Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Scientific Importance, Remarkable Properties, and Applications S. Kirchmeyer, K. Reuter, and J.C. Simpson Thienothiophenes: From Monomers to Polymers G.A. Sotzing, V. Seshadri, and F.J. Waller Low Bandgap Conducting Polymers S.C. Rasmussen and M. Pomerantz Advanced Functional Polythiophenes Based on Tailored Precursors P. Blanchard, P. Leriche, P. Frere, and J. Roncali Structure-Property Relationships and Applications of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes K.S. Schanze and X. Zhao PART 3: PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Insulator-Metal Transition and Metallic State in Conducting Polymers A.J. Epstein One-Dimensional Charge Transport in Conducting Polymer Nanofibers A.N. Aleshin and Y.W. Park Structure Studies of - and - Conjugated Polymers M.J. Winokur Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers P. Audebert and F. Miomandre Internal Fields and Electrode Interfaces in Organic Semiconductor Devices: Noninvasive Investigations via Electroabsorption T.M. Brown and F. Cacialli Electrochromism of Conjugated Conducting Polymers A.L. Dyer and J.R. Reynolds Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers M.P. de Jong, G. Greczyniski, W. Osikowicz, R. Friedlein, X. Crispin, M. Fahlman, and W.R. Salaneck Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Laser Action in -ConjugatedSemiconductors Z. Valy Vardeny and O. Korovyanko Volume 2: Conjugated Polymers: Processing and Applications PART 1: PROCESSING OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Conductive Polymers as Organic Nanometals B. Wessling Conducting Polymer Fiber Production and Applications I.D. Norris and B.R. Mattes Inkjet Printing and Patterning of PEDOT-PSS: Application to Optoelectronic Devices Y. Yoshioka and G.E. Jabbour Printing Organic Electronics on Flexible Substrates N.D. Robinson and M. Berggren PART 2: APPLICATIONS AND DEVICES BASED ON CONJUGATED POLYMERS Polymers for Use in Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes: Structure-Property Relationships H. Christian-Pandya, S. Vaidyanathan, and M. Galvin Organic Electro-Optic Materials L.R. Dalton Conjugated Polymer Electronics-Engineering Materials and Devices N. Tessler, J. Veres, O. Globerman, N. Rappaport, Y. Preezant, Y. Roichman, O. Solomesch, S. Tal, E. Gershman, M. Adler, V. Zolotarev, V. Gorelik, and Y. Eichen Electrical Bistable Polymer Films and Their Applications in Memory Devices J. Ouyang, C.-W. Chu, R.J. Tseng, A. Prakash, and Y. Yang Electroactive Polymers for Batteries and Supercapacitors J.A. Irvin, D.J. Irvin, and J.D. Stenger-Smith Conjugated Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Devices A.J. Mozer and N.S. Sariciftci Biomedical Applications of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs),P.C. Innis, S.E. Moulton, and G.G. Wallace Biosensors Based on Conducting Electroactive Polymers S. Brahim, A.M. Wilson, and A. Guiseppi-Elie Optical Biosensors Based on Conjugated Polymers K. Peter, R. Nilsson, and O. Inganas Conjugated Polymers for Microelectromechanical and Other Microdevices G.M. Spinks and E. Smela Corrosion Protection Using Conducting Polymers D.E. Tallman and G.P. Bierwagen Artificial Muscles T.F. Otero

Handbook of conducting polymers

An overview of one of the most successful conducting polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) and its derivatives, is presented, detailing its early development, the synthesis of numerous hybrid and derivative materials, along with a description of the broad array of properties accessible and a description of a set of the more prominent applications in which they can be utilized. Synthetic flexibility and facility is the key to the many new 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene- (EDT-) based monomers, oligomers, and (co) polymers. These (co) polymers provide highly conducting and especially stable doped states, a range of optical properties with electronic bandgaps varying across the entire visible spectrum, and enhanced redox properties, making them useful for numerous electrochemical devices. Present and future applications for PEDT that are discussed include static charge dissipation films and electrode materials in solid electrolyte capacitors.

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

We describe a simple process for the fabrication of ultrathin, transparent, optically homogeneous, electrically conducting films of pure single-walled carbon nanotubes and the transfer of those films to various substrates. For equivalent sheet resistance, the films exhibit optical transmittance comparable to that of commercial indium tin oxide in the visible spectrum, but far superior transmittance in the technologically relevant 2- to 5-micrometer infrared spectral band. These characteristics indicate broad applicability of the films for electrical coupling in photonic devices. In an example application, the films are used to construct an electric field-activated optical modulator, which constitutes an optical analog to the nanotube-based field effect transistor.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/305/5688/1273.full.pdf

Transparent, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

http://nathan.instras.com/MyDocsDB/doc-617.pdf

John R. Reynolds

Papers

Handbook of conducting polymers

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

Transparent, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

Electrochromic organic and polymeric materials for display applications