http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/AFMImages/butt_AFM.pdf

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

The present invention is a method and apparatus relating to manufacturing nanostructure patterns and components using molecular science. The method includes overlaying a multilayer organic molecule resist on at least a portion of a parent structure selectively deposited on a substrate, depositing a layer over the parent structure and in contact with at least a portion of the multilayer organic resist, and removing the multilayer organic molecule resist to leave a residual structure.

/pdf/molecular-ruler-for-scaling-down-nanostructures-ctz7lc7kgp.pdf

Molecular ruler for scaling down nanostructures

3.6.1. Polishing and Cleaning 2663 3.6.2. Vacuum and Heat Treatments 2664 3.6.3. Carbon Electrode Activation 2665 3.7. Summary and Generalizations 2666 4. Advanced Carbon Electrode Materials 2666 4.1. Microfabricated Carbon Thin Films 2666 4.2. Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrochemistry 2668 4.3. Fibers and Nanotubes 2669 4.4. Carbon Composite Electrodes 2674 5. Carbon Surface Modification 2675 5.1. Diazonium Ion Reduction 2675 5.2. Thermal and Photochemical Modifications 2679 5.3. Amine and Carboxylate Oxidation 2680 5.4. Modification by “Click” Chemistry 2681 6. Synopsis and Outlook 2681 7. Acknowledgments 2682 8. References 2682

/pdf/advanced-carbon-electrode-materials-for-molecular-2y6b22van0.pdf

Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry.

The development of nonviral vectors for safe and efficient gene delivery has been gaining considerable attention recently. An ideal nonviral vector must protect the gene against degradation by nuclease in the extracellular matrix, internalize the plasma membrane, escape from the endosomal compartment, unpackage the gene at some point and have no detrimental effects. In comparison to viruses, nonviral vectors are relatively easy to synthesize, less immunogenic, low in cost, and have no limitation in the size of a gene that can be delivered. Significant progress has been made in the basic science and applications of various nonviral gene delivery vectors; however, the majority of nonviral approaches are still inefficient and often toxic. To this end, two nonviral gene delivery systems using either biodegradable poly(D,Llactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles or cell penetrating peptide (CPP) complexes have been designed and studied using A549 human lung epithelial cells. PLG nanoparticles were optimized for gene delivery by varying particle surface chemistry using different coating materials that adsorb to the particle surface during formation. A variety of cationic coating materials were studied and compared to more conventional surfactants used for PLG nanoparticle fabrication. Nanoparticles (~200 nm) efficiently encapsulated plasmids encoding for luciferase (80-90%) and slowly released the same for two weeks. After a delay, moderate levels of gene expression appeared at day 5 for certain positively charged PLG particles and gene expression was maintained for at least two weeks. In contrast, gene expression mediated by polyethyleneimine (PEI) ended at day 5. PLG particles were also significantly less

Nonviral Vectors for Gene Delivery

Electrochemistry-based sensors offer sensitivity, selectivity and low cost for the detection of selected DNA sequences or mutated genes associated with human disease. DNA-based electrochemical sensors exploit a range of different chemistries, but all take advantage of nanoscale interactions between the target in solution, the recognition layer and a solid electrode surface. Numerous approaches to electrochemical detection have been developed, including direct electrochemistry of DNA, electrochemistry at polymer-modified electrodes, electrochemistry of DNA-specific redox reporters, electrochemical amplifications with nanoparticles, and electrochemical devices based on DNA-mediated charge transport chemistry.

/pdf/electrochemical-dna-sensors-4ft4krws65.pdf

Electrochemical DNA sensors

The invention is directed to devices that allow for simultaneous multiple biochip analysis. In particular, the devices are configured to hold multiple cartridges comprising biochips comprising arrays such as nucleic acid arrays, and allow for high throughput analysis of samples.

Devices and methods for biochip multiplexing

Electron-transfer rates and electronic coupling factors for ferrocene groups attached to gold electrodes via oligo(phenylethynyl) “molecular wire” bridges of variable length and structure are reported. Attachment to gold was achieved via thiol groups at the end of the bridge opposite the ferrocene. Bridge structures were designed to promote strong coupling between gold and ferrocene, thereby promoting rapid electron transport over long distances. The effects of bridge length and of substituents on the phenyl rings in the bridge were addressed. Bridges containing between three and six phenylethynyl units were studied, and a “beta” value of 0.36 A-1 describing the exponential distance dependence of bridge-mediated electron-transfer rates was obtained. The effect on the rates of adding two propoxy groups onto one of the phenyl rings in the bridge was examined and found to be minimal. The standard electron-transfer rate constant of 350 s-1 obtained for the adsorbate with the longest bridge (six phenylethynyl ...

Jon F. Kayyem

Papers

Devices and methods for biochip multiplexing

Electron Transfer at Electrodes through Conjugated “Molecular Wire” Bridges

Nucleic acid mediated electron transfer

Electron Transfer through DNA: Site‐Specific Modification of Duplex DNA with Ruthenium Donors and Acceptors

Electronic Detection of Nucleic Acids: A Versatile Platform for Molecular Diagnostics