Jonathan Kimmelman

TL;DR: Skin appears to possess a p53-dependent 'guardian-of-the-tissue' response to DNA damage which aborts precancerous cells, and if this response is reduced in a single cell by a prior p53 mutation, sunburn can select for clonal expansion of the p 53-mutated cell into the AK.

TL;DR: A systematic review of preclinical research guidelines and organized recommendations according to the type of validity threat (internal, construct, or external) or programmatic research activity they primarily address provided a starting point for developing preclinical guidelines in other disease domains.

TL;DR: The urgency and scarcity of pandemics heighten the responsibility of key actors in the research enterprise to coordinate their activities to uphold the standards necessary to advance this mission, and the moral mission of research remains the same.

TL;DR: The fraction and number of patients enrolled in trials that were at risk of not meaningfully addressing their primary research objective due to unsuccessful patient accrual are determined and Ethics bodies, investigators, and data monitoring committees should carefully scrutinize trial design, recruitment plans, and feasibility of achievingAccrual targets when designing and reviewing trials.

TL;DR: It is found that placebo responses have increased considerably over this period, but drug responses have remained stable, leading to diminished treatment advantage, driven by studies conducted in the United States.