Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

Digital twin can be defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision making. Recent advances in computational pipelines, multiphysics solvers, artificial intelligence, big data cybernetics, data processing and management tools bring the promise of digital twins and their impact on society closer to reality. Digital twinning is now an important and emerging trend in many applications. Also referred to as a computational megamodel, device shadow, mirrored system, avatar or a synchronized virtual prototype, there can be no doubt that a digital twin plays a transformative role not only in how we design and operate cyber-physical intelligent systems, but also in how we advance the modularity of multi-disciplinary systems to tackle fundamental barriers not addressed by the current, evolutionary modeling practices. In this work, we review the recent status of methodologies and techniques related to the construction of digital twins mostly from a modeling perspective. Our aim is to provide a detailed coverage of the current challenges and enabling technologies along with recommendations and reflections for various stakeholders.

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Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. Precision agriculture (PA) is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve quality and production. Utilizing wireless sensor technologies and management tools can lead to a highly effective, green agriculture. Based on PA management, the same routine to a crop regardless of site environments can be avoided. From several perspectives, field management can improve PA, including the provision of adequate nutrients for crops and the wastage of pesticides for the effective control of weeds, pests, and diseases. This review outlines the recent applications of WSNs in agriculture research as well as classifies and compares various wireless communication protocols, the taxonomy of energy-efficient and energy harvesting techniques for WSNs that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems, and comparison between early research works on agriculture-based WSNs. The challenges and limitations of WSNs in the agricultural domain are explored, and several power reduction and agricultural management techniques for long-term monitoring are highlighted. These approaches may also increase the number of opportunities for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1781/pdf

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of all devices that can be accessed through the Internet. These devices can be remotely accessed and controlled using existing network infrastructure, thus allowing a direct integration of computing systems with the physical world. This also reduces human involvement along with improving accuracy and efficiency, resulting in economic benefit. The devices in IoT facilitate the day-to-day life of people. However, the IoT has an enormous threat to security and privacy due to its heterogeneous and dynamic nature. Authentication is one of the most challenging security requirements in the IoT environment, where a user (external party) can directly access information from the devices, provided the mutual authentication between user and devices happens. In this paper, we present a new signature-based authenticated key establishment scheme for the IoT environment. The proposed scheme is tested for security with the help of the widely used Burrows-Abadi–Needham logic, informal security analysis, and also the formal security verification using the broadly accepted automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications tool. The proposed scheme is also implemented using the widely accepted NS2 simulator, and the simulation results demonstrate the practicability of the scheme. Finally, the proposed scheme provides more functionality features, and its computational and communication costs are also comparable with other existing approaches.

Secure Signature-Based Authenticated Key Establishment Scheme for Future IoT Applications

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly being deployed in security-critical applications Because of their inherent resource-constrained characteristics, they are prone to various security attacks, and a black hole attack is a type of attack that seriously affects data collection To conquer that challenge, an active detection-based security and trust routing scheme named ActiveTrust is proposed for WSNs The most important innovation of ActiveTrust is that it avoids black holes through the active creation of a number of detection routes to quickly detect and obtain nodal trust and thus improve the data route security More importantly, the generation and the distribution of detection routes are given in the ActiveTrust scheme, which can fully use the energy in non-hotspots to create as many detection routes as needed to achieve the desired security and energy efficiency Both comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the performance of the ActiveTrust scheme is better than that of the previous studies ActiveTrust can significantly improve the data route success probability and ability against black hole attacks and can optimize network lifetime

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ActiveTrust: Secure and Trustable Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Data-driven techniques help boost agricultural productivity by increasing yields, reducing losses and cutting down input costs. However, these techniques have seen sparse adoption owing to high costs of manual data collection and limited connectivity solutions. In this paper, we present FarmBeats, an end-to-end IoT platform for agriculture that enables seamless data collection from various sensors, cameras and drones. FarmBeats's system design that explicitly accounts for weather-related power and Internet outages has enabled six month long deployments in two US farms.

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Farmbeats: an IoT platform for data-driven agriculture

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been deployed for a wide variety of applications, including military sensing and tracking, patient status monitoring, traffic flow monitoring, where sensory devices often move between different locations Securing data and communications requires suitable encryption key protocols In this paper, we propose a certificateless-effective key management (CL-EKM) protocol for secure communication in dynamic WSNs characterized by node mobility The CL-EKM supports efficient key updates when a node leaves or joins a cluster and ensures forward and backward key secrecy The protocol also supports efficient key revocation for compromised nodes and minimizes the impact of a node compromise on the security of other communication links A security analysis of our scheme shows that our protocol is effective in defending against various attacks We implement CL-EKM in Contiki OS and simulate it using Cooja simulator to assess its time, energy, communication, and memory performance

Effective Key Management in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

In many envisioned drone-based applications, drones will communicate with many different smart objects, such as sensors and embedded devices. Securing such communications requires an effective and efficient encryption key establishment protocol. However, the design of such a protocol must take into account constrained resources of smart objects and the mobility of drones. In this paper, a secure communication protocol between drones and smart objects is presented. To support the required security functions, such as authenticated key agreement, non-repudiation, and user revocation, we propose an efficient Certificateless Signcryption Tag Key Encapsulation Mechanism (eCLSC-TKEM). eCLSC-TKEM reduces the time required to establish a shared key between a drone and a smart object by minimizing the computational overhead at the smart object. Also, our protocol improves drone's efficiency by utilizing dual channels which allows many smart objects to concurrently execute eCLSC-TKEM. We evaluate our protocol on commercially available devices, namely AR.Drone2.0 and TelosB, by using a parking management testbed. Our experimental results show that our protocol is much more efficient than other protocols.

A Secure Communication Protocol for Drones and Smart Objects

An approach is disclosed for registering and authenticating Internet of things (IoT) devices. In one embodiment, an installation device receives, from an IoT device, an identifier (ID) and a hash of a public key, where the IoT device itself generates the ID, the public key, and a private key. To register the IoT device, a blockchain wallet in the installation devices generates a blockchain transaction which adds the received ID and hash of the public key as a name and value pair in a name/value storage (NVS). The hash of the public key may then be retrieved from the NVS and used in authentication of the IoT device to other IoT devices or servers, among other things.

Blockchain-assisted public key infrastructure for internet of things applications

Smart cities aim to improve the quality of urban services and their energy efficiency by utilizing information and communication technologies. In such context, drones can be utilized to support various services, such as traffic monitoring, search/rescue, and surveillance, by communicating with many different smart objects like sensors. Securing such communications is crucial to making correct decisions and requires efficient cryptographic protocols. However, the design of such protocols must consider: 1) the mobility and the limited battery of drones and 2) the constrained resources of smart objects. In this paper, a suite of cryptographic protocols is presented to deal with three different communication scenarios: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one. For one-to-one, we propose an efficient Certificateless Signcryption Tag Key Encapsulation Mechanism (eCLSC-TKEM) that supports authenticated key agreement, non-repudiation, and user revocation. eCLSC-TKEM reduces the time required to establish a shared key between a drone and a smart object by minimizing the computational overhead at the smart object. For one-to-many, we propose a Certificateless Multi-Recipient Encryption Scheme (CL-MRES) by which a drone can efficiently send privacy-sensitive data to multiple smart objects. For many-to-one, we present a Certificateless Data Aggregation (CLDA) protocol, which allows drones to efficiently collect data from hundreds of smart objects. Also, for efficiency, we propose a dual channel strategy that allows many smart objects to concurrently execute our protocols. We evaluate eCLSC-TKEM via a smart parking management test-bed. Also, we have implemented CL-MRES and CLDA on a board with a graphics processing unit (GPU) and show their GPU-accelerated performance.

Jongho Won

Papers

Farmbeats: an IoT platform for data-driven agriculture

Effective Key Management in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

A Secure Communication Protocol for Drones and Smart Objects

Blockchain-assisted public key infrastructure for internet of things applications

Certificateless Cryptographic Protocols for Efficient Drone-Based Smart City Applications