Showing papers by "José E Cavazos published in 2022"
TL;DR: Findings illustrate that inequities in the physician- scientistist workforce began early in training and highlight key areas for intervention, such as funding support and mentorship training during undergraduate medical education, that may promote the future success of a diverse physician-scientist workforce.
Abstract: Key Points Question Are student sex and racial and ethnic identity associated with publication rate during medical school? Findings This cohort study of 31 474 medical school graduates found a significant disparity in publication rates across sex and race and ethnicity, with women and Black and Hispanic students reporting lower publication rates compared with men and White students. Sex and racial and ethnic disparities in research persisted at both National Institutes of Health top 40 and non–top 40 research-intensive schools. Meaning These findings suggest that inequities in the physician-scientist workforce began early in training, as exposure to research and research productivity are critical for a successful career as a physician-scientist.
6 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined impostor phenomenon experiences during MD-PhD training and reasons trainees attributed to these feelings, including professional identity formation, fear of evaluation, minority status, and program-transition experiences.
Abstract: Acceptance into U.S. MD-PhD dual-degree programs is highly competitive, and the lengthy training program requires transitioning between multiple phases (pre-clinical-, PhD-research-, and clinical-training phases), which can be stressful. Challenges faced during MD-PhD training could exacerbate self-doubt and anxiety. Impostor phenomenon is the experience of feeling like a fraud, with some high-achieving, competent individuals attributing their successes to luck or other factors rather than their own ability and hard work. To our knowledge, impostor phenomenon among MD-PhD trainees has not been described. This study examined impostor phenomenon experiences during MD-PhD training and reasons trainees attributed to these feelings.Individuals in science and medicine fields participated in an online survey that included the 20-item Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS); higher scores (range 20-100) indicate more frequent impostor phenomenon. Some respondents who reported experiencing impostor phenomenon also voluntarily completed a semi-structured interview, sharing experiences during training that contributed to feelings of impostor phenomenon. Interview transcripts were coded and analysed using the constant comparative method and analytic induction to identify themes.Of 959 survey respondents (students and professionals in science and medicine), 13 MD-PhD students and residents completed the survey, nine of whom (five male, four female; four white, five other race-ethnicity) also completed an interview. These participants experienced moderate-to-intense scores on the CIPS (range: 46-96). Four themes emerged from the interview narratives that described participants' experiences of IP: professional identity formation, fear of evaluation, minority status, and, program-transition experiences. All reported struggling to develop a physician-scientist identity and lacking a sense of belonging in medicine or research.Impostor experiences that MD-PhD participants attributed to bias and micro-aggressions in social interactions with peers, faculty, and patients challenged their professional identity formation as physician-scientists. It is important to further examine how MD-PhD-program structures, cultures, and social interactions can lead to feelings of alienation and experiences of impostor phenomenon, particularly for students from diverse and underrepresented populations in medicine.
4 citations
TL;DR: This article examined impostor phenomenon experiences during MD-PhD training and reasons trainees attributed to these feelings, including professional identity formation, fear of evaluation, minority status, and program-transition experiences.
Abstract: Acceptance into U.S. MD-PhD dual-degree programs is highly competitive, and the lengthy training program requires transitioning between multiple phases (pre-clinical-, PhD-research-, and clinical-training phases), which can be stressful. Challenges faced during MD-PhD training could exacerbate self-doubt and anxiety. Impostor phenomenon is the experience of feeling like a fraud, with some high-achieving, competent individuals attributing their successes to luck or other factors rather than their own ability and hard work. To our knowledge, impostor phenomenon among MD-PhD trainees has not been described. This study examined impostor phenomenon experiences during MD-PhD training and reasons trainees attributed to these feelings.Individuals in science and medicine fields participated in an online survey that included the 20-item Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS); higher scores (range 20-100) indicate more frequent impostor phenomenon. Some respondents who reported experiencing impostor phenomenon also voluntarily completed a semi-structured interview, sharing experiences during training that contributed to feelings of impostor phenomenon. Interview transcripts were coded and analysed using the constant comparative method and analytic induction to identify themes.Of 959 survey respondents (students and professionals in science and medicine), 13 MD-PhD students and residents completed the survey, nine of whom (five male, four female; four white, five other race-ethnicity) also completed an interview. These participants experienced moderate-to-intense scores on the CIPS (range: 46-96). Four themes emerged from the interview narratives that described participants' experiences of IP: professional identity formation, fear of evaluation, minority status, and, program-transition experiences. All reported struggling to develop a physician-scientist identity and lacking a sense of belonging in medicine or research.Impostor experiences that MD-PhD participants attributed to bias and micro-aggressions in social interactions with peers, faculty, and patients challenged their professional identity formation as physician-scientists. It is important to further examine how MD-PhD-program structures, cultures, and social interactions can lead to feelings of alienation and experiences of impostor phenomenon, particularly for students from diverse and underrepresented populations in medicine.
4 citations
17 May 2022
TL;DR: A consistent and sustained increase in the percentage of female and URM matriculants to MD–PhD programs from AYs 2009–2018 was observed, but the annual increases in the percentages were small, and the demographics of the MD-PhD workforce still do not reflect the diversity of the U.S. general population.
Abstract: Purpose To examine demographic characteristics of matriculants to U.S. MD–PhD programs by sex and race/ethnicity from academic years (AYs) 2009–2018 and explore the relationships between trends in the percentage of female and underrepresented minority (URM) matriculants to programs with and without Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) funding. Method Linear regression and time trend analysis of the absolute percentage of matriculants into all U.S. MD–PhD programs was performed for self-reported sex and race/ethnicity, using Association of American Medical Colleges data for AYs 2009–2018, including an interaction for MSTP funding status (yes/no) and year. Linear regression of the percentage of programs matriculating no female or no URM students between AYs 2009 and 2018 was performed, focusing on programs in the top 3 quartiles by size (i.e., those matriculating 4 or more students per year). Results Between AYs 2009 and 2018, the percentage of matriculants to all MD–PhD programs who were female (38.0%–46.0%, 1.05%/year, P = .002) or URM (9.8%–16.7%, 0.77%/year, P < .001) increased. The annual percentage gains of URM matriculants were greater at MSTP-funded programs compared with non-MSTP-funded programs (0.50%/year, P = .046). Moreover, among MD–PhD programs in the top 3 quartiles by size, the percentage of programs with no female matriculants decreased by 0.40% per year (P = .02) from 4.6% in 2009 to 1.6% in 2018, and the percentage of programs with no URM matriculants decreased by 3.41% per year (P < .001) from 49% in 2009 to 22% in 2018. Conclusions A consistent and sustained increase in the percentage of female and URM matriculants to MD–PhD programs from AYs 2009–2018 was observed, but the annual increases in the percentages across groups were small, and the demographics of the MD–PhD workforce still do not reflect the diversity of the U.S. general population.
3 citations
TL;DR: This cross-sectional study examines trends in number of awards and funding of general and diversity F31 predoctoral fellowships from 2001 to 2020.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study examines trends in number of awards and funding of general and diversity F31 predoctoral fellowships from 2001 to 2020.
TL;DR: This cross-sectional study examined the connection between the gut microbiome, cognitive, and neuroimaging markers of cSVD in the Framingham Heart Study and suggested an increased abundance of Pseudobutyrivibrio and Ruminococcus genera was associated with lower WMH and PSMD, as well as better executive function.
Abstract: A bidirectional communication exists between the brain and the gut, in which the gut microbiota influences cognitive function and vice-versa. Gut dysbiosis has been linked to several diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). However, the relationship between gut dysbiosis and markers of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), a major contributor to ADRD, is unknown. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the connection between the gut microbiome, cognitive, and neuroimaging markers of cSVD in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Markers of cSVD included white matter hyperintensities (WMH), peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), and executive function (EF), estimated as the difference between the trail-making tests B and A. We included 972 FHS participants with MRI scans, neurocognitive measures, and stool samples and quantified the gut microbiota composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. We used multivariable association and differential abundance analyses adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and education level to estimate the association between gut microbiota and WMH, PSMD, and EF measures. Our results suggest an increased abundance of Pseudobutyrivibrio and Ruminococcus genera was associated with lower WMH and PSMD (p-values < 0.001), as well as better executive function (p-values < 0.01). In addition, in both differential and multivariable analyses, we found that the gram-negative bacterium Barnesiella intestinihominis was strongly associated with markers indicating a higher cSVD burden. Finally, functional analyses using PICRUSt implicated various KEGG pathways, including microbial quorum sensing, AMP/GMP-activated protein kinase, phenylpyruvate, and β-hydroxybutyrate production previously associated with cognitive performance and dementia. Our study provides important insights into the association between the gut microbiome and cSVD, but further studies are needed to replicate the findings.
01 Dec 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , a cross-sectional association between the gut microbiome and MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and executive function in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was found.
Abstract: Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a major cause of cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly. Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has been linked to cSVD, stroke, and dementia in human and animal studies. However, whether dysbiosis is associated with markers of cSVD is unclear. We aimed to assess the cross‐sectional association between the gut microbiome and MRI markers of cSVD and executive function in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS).