International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

It is clear that renewable resources will play a crucial role in limiting the CO2 emissions. Energy from biomass and waste is regarded as one of the most dominant future renewable energy sources, since it can provide a continuous power generation. In this regard, the application of anaerobic digestion is emerging spectacularly. This manuscript lists and discusses the main beneficial properties of anaerobic digestion. Different types of biomass and waste are suitable for anaerobic digestion: the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, waste oils and animal fat, energy crops and agricultural waste, manure and sewage sludge. The potential, opportunities and challenges of these biomasses are discussed. Typical biogas yield and points of attention are included. The manuscript concludes with an overview and discussion of the major research trends in anaerobic digestion, including the analysis of microbial community development, the extension of anaerobic digestion models, the development of pre-treatment techniques and upgrading of the biogas produced.

Anaerobic digestion in global bio-energy production: Potential and research challenges

Energy storage becomes a key element in achieving goals in energy sustainability that lead to energy and cost savings. This paper discusses various types of energy storage including compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel energy storage (FES), pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), battery energy storage (BES), flow battery energy storage (FBES), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), super capacitor energy storage (SCES), hydrogen energy storage, synthetic fuels, and thermal energy storage (TES) with additional information about the recent update of the technology. In the final part of this paper, the comparison and barriers to deploying the technologies are also given in order to give a better view about the energy storage technique.

A review of available methods and development on energy storage; technology update

Toxicants inhibiting anaerobic digestion: a review.

Solid sorption refrigeration is a type of environmental benign and energy saving technology and the sorbents utilized can be divided into physical, chemical and composite sorbents, according to the nature of the forces involved in the adsorption process. The types, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different adsorbents, refrigerants and working pairs are summarized in this paper, together with the models that describe the adsorption equilibrium. Moreover, some of the procedures to prepare composite adsorbents are presented. The application of different working pairs for different situations is related with the adsorption heat, the adaptability to the driving temperature and to the desired working pressure. The methods to measure the adsorption quantity of different working pairs are compared, and future research directions of adsorption working pairs are also analyzed.

A review on adsorption working pairs for refrigeration

Long-chain fatty acids inhibition and adaptation process in anaerobic thermophilic digestion: batch tests, microbial community structure and mathematical modelling.

Thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with grease waste: effect of long chain fatty acids in the methane yield and its dewatering properties

An integrated biochemical and physical model for the composting process

Exergetic optimization of solar collector and thermal energy storage system

The biodegradation of toluene was studied in two lab-scale air biofilters operated in parallel, packed respectively with perlite granules (PEG) and polyurethane foam cubes (PUC) and inoculated with the same toluene-degrading fungus. Differences on the material pore size, from micrometres in PEG to millimetres in PUC, were responsible for distinct biomass growth patterns. A compact biofilm was formed around PEG, being the interstitial spaces progressively filled with biomass. Microbial growth concentrated at the core of PUC and the excess of biomass was washed-off, remaining the gas pressure drop comparatively low. Air dispersion in the bed was characterised by tracer studies and modelled as a series of completely stirred tanks (CSTR). The obtained number of CSTR (n) in the PEG packing increased from 33 to 86 along with the applied gas flow (equivalent to empty bed retention times from 48 to 12 s) and with operation time (up to 6 months). In the PUC bed, n varied between 9 and 13, indicating that a stronger and steadier gas dispersion was achieved. Michaelis–Menten half saturation constant (km) estimates ranged 71–113 mg m−3, depending on the experimental conditions, but such differences were not significant at a 95% confidence interval. The maximum volumetric elimination rate (rm) varied from 23 to 50 g m−3 h−1. Comparison between volumetric and biomass specific biodegradation activities indicated that toluene mass transfer was slower with PEG than with PUC as a consequence of a smaller biofilm surface and to the presence of larger zones of stagnant air.

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Josep Illa

Papers

Long-chain fatty acids inhibition and adaptation process in anaerobic thermophilic digestion: batch tests, microbial community structure and mathematical modelling.

Thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with grease waste: effect of long chain fatty acids in the methane yield and its dewatering properties

An integrated biochemical and physical model for the composting process

Exergetic optimization of solar collector and thermal energy storage system

Influence of synthetic packing materials on the gas dispersion and biodegradation kinetics in fungal air biofilters