世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

The 2008 crash has left all the established economic doctrines - equilibrium models, real business cycles, disequilibria models - in disarray. Part of the problem is due to Smith’s "veil of ignorance": individuals unknowingly pursue society’s interest and, as a result, have no clue as to the macroeconomic effects of their actions: witness the Keynes and Leontief multipliers, the concept of value added, fiat money, Engel’s law and technical progress, to name but a few of the macrofoundations of microeconomics. A good viewpoint to take bearings anew lies in comparing the post-Great Depression institutions with those emerging from Thatcher and Reagan’s economic policies: deregulation, exogenous vs. endoge- nous money, shadow banking vs. Volcker’s Rule. Very simply, the banks, whose lending determined deposits after Roosevelt, and were a public service became private enterprises whose deposits determine lending. These underlay the great moderation preceding 2006, and the subsequent crash.

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism

1. Interaction. The interactions learners have with each other build interpersonal skills, such as listening, politely interrupting, expressing ideas, raising questions, disagreeing, paraphrasing, negotiating, and asking for help. 2. Interdependence. Learners must depend on one another to accomplish a common objective. Each group member has specific tasks to complete, and successful completion of each member’s tasks results in attaining the overall group objective.

将“Cooperative Learning”融入课堂——浅谈英语素质教育

This paper sets out to explore contexts for entrepreneurship, illustrating how a contextualized view of entrepreneurship contributes to our understanding of the phenomenon. There is growing recognition in entrepreneurship research that economic behavior can be better understood within its historical, temporal, institutional, spatial, and social contexts, as these contexts provide individuals with opportunities and set boundaries for their actions. Context can be an asset and a liability for the nature and extent of entrepreneurship, but entrepreneurship can also impact contexts. The paper argues that context is important for understanding when, how, and why entrepreneurship happens and who becomes involved. Exploring the multiplicity of contexts and their impact on entrepreneurship, it identifies challenges researchers face in contextualizing entrepreneurship theory and offers possible ways forward.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/j_1540-6520_2010_00427_x_wml.pdf?abstractid=1784106&mirid=2

Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward:

Problems associated with economic development have recently focused on the role of institutions. Arguably, the most important institutional structure is the rule of law. Previous research has drawn attention to the relationship between a country's legal origins and its current economic, legal, and political institutions. In this paper we extend this literature to the U.S. states. We find evidence that state legal origins help to explain its current economic institutions as measured by the Economic Freedom of North America index. States originally settled by civil law countries have lower levels of economic freedom as a result. INTRODUCTION The subject of economic development has transformed significantly in the past century. Historically, economic development fixated upon factors of production like capital and labor and less on the role of institutional quality in determining economic outcomes (Hall et al. 2010). As a result of the work of Nobel Laureate Douglass North (1990) and others, institutions have increasingly been considered an important force characterizing economic progress. North's work in particular, both in his earlier work (North, 1994) and in his later work (North et al., 2009) has helped to reshaped the way economists analyze the issue of economic development and turned attention toward looking at the effect of institutions - "the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction" (North, 1990, 3) - on economic performance. In recent years, a growing body of research has used the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index (Gwartney et al., 2010) to measure institutional quality and has found a strong, positive relationship between quality institutions and economic growth (see, for example, Dawson, 1998; Gwartney et al., 1999; Cole, 2003; Gwartney et al., 2004; Gwartney et al., 2006; Hall et al., 2010). If institutions are important to economie growth, then it is necessary to understand what factors are associated with institutional quality. Recently, the empirical literature discussing the relationship between institutions and economic growth has grown substantially. However, little focus been given to examining the sources of institutional quality across countries, with a few notable exceptions such as such as Crampton (2002), De Haan and Sturm (2003), Boockmann and Dreher (2003), Heckelman and Knack (2008), and Lawson and Clark (2010). While these studies are valuable, they limit their focus to recent causes of institutional change. As a result, they potentially overlook historical determinants of institutional quality. Countries with poor institutions in the past tend to have poor institutions today. Thus, we need to look to history - at least in part - for a better understanding of the sources of institutional diversity. A series of influential studies begun by La Porta et al. (1997; 1998) examine the relationship between a country's current economic condition and the origin of their legal system. Essentially, contemporary market conditions are potentially explained by past and present legal conditions, with present legal conditions represented as a function of past legal conditions. In this paper we build off these important studies by taking a first look at the impact of colonial origins of U.S. states on current state economic freedom, with a particular focus on the role that the legal system of the settling country has on current institutional quality. As is recent convention in the empirical institutional literature, we measure a state's current institutional quality using the Economic Freedom of North America (EFNA) index, published annually by the Fraser Institute. We begin our analysis with further discussion of how the legal origins of state settlers might influence current institutional quality. We then proceed to describe our data and empirical approach, present our results, and then summarize our findings with a few concluding remarks. LEGAL ORIGINS: CIVIL VS. …

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Legal Origins and State Economic Freedom

Economic freedom studies: a survey

Higher-Education Accreditation Market Regulation or Government Regulation?

Contents:1. Misperceptions about Capitalism, Government and Inequality Daniel L. Bennett and Richard J. Cebula 2. Measuring Institutions and Policies Across Countries Robert Lawson and Ryan Murphy3. Economic Freedom Studies: A Survey Joshua C. Hall, Dean Stansel and Danko Tarabar4. Sub-National Indices of Economic Freedom Dean Stansel and Jamie Bologna5. Institutions and Entrepreneurship Randall G. Holcombe6. The Entrepreneurial Ethic, Economic Behavio and Motivation Richard M. Robinson7. Freedom as a Public Good J.R. Clark and Dwight R. Lee8. Economic Freedom Convergence Clubs Jac C. Heckelman9. An Exploratory Study Regarding Whether Greater Labor Freedom Reduces New Home Prices Daniel L. Bennett, Richard J. Cebula and Robert Boylan10. The Impact of Property Confiscation Experiences on Individual Patience in Transition Economies: An Exploratory StudySteven B. Caudill, Stephanie O. Crofton, James E. Long, Franklin G. Mixon, Jr. and Mary Greer Simonton11. Economic Freedom, Economic Behavior and Settlement Patterns: Preliminary Evidence for 2010 for the Case of Undocumented ImmigrantsRichard J. Cebula12. Why Do People Move from One Metropolitan Area to Another? James V. Koch13. Preliminary Findings on The Impact of Labor Market Freedom on the Male Labor Force Participation Rate Gigi M. Alexander and Richard J. Cebula 14. Economic Freedom and Microfinance Efficiency in Eastern Europe and Central AsiaSteven B. Caudill, Daniel M. Gropper, Valentina Hartarska and Franklin G. Mixon, Jr.15. Economic Freedom and Subjective Well-Being Boris Nikolaev16. Destructive and Productive Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of International Panel DataNathan J. Ashby17. On The Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship R.W. Hafer18. Entrepreneurship and Cross-National Economic FreedomRajeev K. Goel, Michael A. Nelson and James E. Payne19. Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity in American StatesTarkan Cavusoglu and Oguzhan Dincer20. Freedom, Growth and Entrepreneurship: Several Sources of US Evidence Richard Vedder21. The US Entrepreneurship-Unemployment Nexus James E. PayneIndex

Economic Behavior, Economic Freedom, and Entrepreneurship

This paper examines the relationship between local financing of education and school district efficiency. In a system of local school finance, the capitalization of school quality in housing prices provides homeowners with verifiable information regarding the impact of school officials’ actions and strong incentives to act upon that information. I find evidence that school districts with a higher percentage of revenues from local sources perform better on state math tests. In addition, the amount of residential property within a school district is positively related to math test passage rates.

Joshua C. Hall

Papers

Legal Origins and State Economic Freedom

Economic freedom studies: a survey

Higher-Education Accreditation Market Regulation or Government Regulation?

Economic Behavior, Economic Freedom, and Entrepreneurship

Local School Finance and Productive Efficiency: Evidence from Ohio