https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)60457-2.pdf

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Astronomical data analysis software and systems

Purpose This report provides an overview of current childhood cancer statistics to facilitate analysis of the impact of past research discoveries on outcome and provide essential information for prioritizing future research directions. Methods Incidence and survival data for childhood cancers came from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 (SEER 9) registries, and mortality data were based on deaths in the United States that were reported by states to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by underlying cause. Results Childhood cancer incidence rates increased significantly from 1975 through 2006, with increasing rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemia being most notable. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined by more than 50% between 1975 and 2006. For leukemias and lymphomas, significantly decreasing mortality rates were observed throughout the 32-year period, though the rate of decline slowed somewhat after 1998. For remaining childhood cancers, significantly decreasing mortality ...

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Outcomes for Children and Adolescents With Cancer: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)62187-4.pdf

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Cytogenetics plays an important role in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), particularly in relation to the association of specific chromosomal abnormalities with outcome. The karyotype at diagnosis is used in the risk stratification of patients for treatment within trial-based protocols. Chromosomal analysis of the leukaemic cells of patients with ALL is challenging as the mitotic index may be low and the chromosomal morphology is often poor. Therefore, the use of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in parallel with cytogenetic analysis is important for the detection of those chromosomal abnormalities of prognostic significance. This chapter is dedicated to the preparation of ALL samples for cytogenetic and FISH analysis, with emphasis on the modifications to standard protocols which may be used to improve their quality. The specific difficulties encountered in the analysis of ALL metaphases and suggestions for overcoming them are provided. The chapter also includes an overview of the abnormalities that are expected to be found in this disease and how the results from both cytogenetics and FISH should be interpreted.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

This paper draws on interviews conducted for a wider oral history research project that focused on the experiences of South Asian doctors who worked as general practitioners in the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) between the 1940s and the 1980s. It uses the evidence gathered to reflect on what doctors’ experiences can tell us about the nature of racism in the NHS today. The doctors’ narratives suggest that the discrimination faced by migrant and ethnic minority doctors has been multifaceted and their ability to avoid or challenge it has been underestimated. The existence and persistence of racism in British medicine is a well-documented phenomenon. Little attention has been paid to the understanding that can be gleaned from instances where migrant and BME doctors talk about not having experienced racism or about having beensuccessful in overcoming it. Nor do we have a detailed understanding of the range of experiences of discrimination and racism that migrant and BME practitioners have. The paper draws on theoretical notions of ‘heterophobia’, understood here as fear of difference, and psychological function to explore these issues. Discrimination affecting migrant and ethnic minority practitioners appears in these narratives as a complex and multifactorial process that is susceptible to disruption by individuals and groups.Weconclude that theNHS should be conceptualised as a racist and ‘heterophobic’ spacewhere difference in a broader sense interacts with race. Closer analysis of how some doctors are able to function in such an environment can advance our understanding of discriminatory processes. Reframing our view of racism in this way andengaging with the experiences of a previous generation of migrant doctors can assist the NHS, organisations representing migrant and BME doctors, and individuals in devising successful strategies to challenge racism,  ‘heterophobia’ and discrimination.

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Manifestations and negotiations of racism and ?heterophobia? in overseas-born South Asian GPs? accounts of careers in the UK

We report the discovery of a 10 comoving megaparsec (cMpc)-scale structure traced by massive submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z ∼ 46 These galaxies are selected from an emission line search of ALMA Band 7 observations targeting 184 luminous submillimeter sources (S850μm ≥ 62 mJy) across 16 degrees2 in the COSMOS field We identify four [C ii] emitting SMGs and two probable [C ii] emitting SMG candidates at z = 460–464 with velocity-integrated signal-to-noise ratio of S/N > 8 Four of the six emitters are near-infrared blank SMGs After excluding one SMG whose emission line is falling at the edge of the spectral window, all galaxies show clear velocity gradients along the major axes that are consistent with rotating gas disks The estimated rotation velocities of the disks are 330–550 km s−1 and the inferred host dark-matter halo masses are ∼2–8 × 1012 M⊙ From their estimated halo masses and [C ii] luminosity function, we suggest that these galaxies have a high (50%–100%) duty cycle and high (∼01) baryon conversion efficiency (SFR relative to baryon accretion rate), and that they contribute ≃2% to the total star formation rate density at z = 46 These SMGs are concentrated within just 03% of the full survey volume, suggesting they are strongly clustered The extent of this structure and the individual halo masses suggest that these SMGs will likely evolve into members of a ∼1015 M⊙ cluster at z = 0 This survey reveals a synchronized dusty starburst in massive halos at z > 4, which could be driven by mergers or fed by smooth gas accretion

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FIR-luminous [C ii] Emitters in the ALMA-SCUBA-2 COSMOS Survey (AS2COSMOS): The Nature of Submillimeter Galaxies in a 10 Comoving Megaparsec-scale Structure at z ∼ 4.6

This paper advances two central arguments. The first is that focusing on humor and laughter can play a central part in enhancing our understanding of the contemporary history of healthcare. The second is that the value of the meaning contained in humor and laughter has thus far been underestimated in the field of oral history. Our discussion of these issues is grounded in an analysis of oral history testimony and documents gathered in the course of research into the history of the London hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas', and of their associated institutions (i.e., medical schools, staff associations, and the like) since the 1970s.

Julian M Simpson

Papers

Manifestations and negotiations of racism and ?heterophobia? in overseas-born South Asian GPs? accounts of careers in the UK

FIR-luminous [C ii] Emitters in the ALMA-SCUBA-2 COSMOS Survey (AS2COSMOS): The Nature of Submillimeter Galaxies in a 10 Comoving Megaparsec-scale Structure at z ∼ 4.6

Why we should try to get the joke: Humor, laughter and the history of healthcare

case-control study lymphoblastic leukaemia: findings from UK Day care in infancy and risk of childhood acute

Catherine Cox and Hilary Marland (eds), Migration, Health and Ethnicity in the Modern World