หนงสอเรอง การออกแบบการวจย: วธการวจยเชงคณภาพ วธการวจยเชงปรมาณ และวธการวจยแบบผสม (Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches) เปนหนงสอทเรยบเรยงเพออธบายเกยวกบความแตกตางของกระบวนทศนการวจยทง 2 แบบ ไดแก การวจย เชงปรมาณ และการวจยเชงคณภาพ และความจำเปนของประเดนปญหาการวจยทตองนำกระบวนทศนทง 2 มารวมกนหาขอคนพบเพอนำไปสผลการวจยทสามารถนำผลการวจยไปใชประโยชนไดอยางจรงมากยงขน เรยกวา “การวจยแบบผสมผสาน” ซงเปนหนงสอทอธบายวธการวจยทง 2 ประเภทไดอยางชดเจน และการรวมกนของกระบวนทศนการวจยทง 2 แบบอยางลงตว

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches

Emotion and Adaptation

Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these effects. The AIM, based on a multiprocess approach to social judgments, identifies 4 alternative judgmental strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. The model predicts that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, such that judgments requiring heuristic or substantive processing are more likely to be infused by affect than are direct access or motivated judgments. The role of target, judge, and situational variables in recruiting high- or low-infusion judgmental strategies is considered, and empirical support for the model is reviewed. The relationship between the AIM and other affect-cognition theories is discussed, and implications for future research are outlined.

Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM).

Статья посвящена вопросам влияния власти на поведение человека. Авторы рассматривают данные различных источников, в которых увеличение власти связывается с напористостью, а ее уменьшение - с подавленностью. Конкретно, власть ассоциируется с: а) позитивным аффектом; б) вниманием к вознаграждению и к свойствам других, удовлетворяющим личные цели; в) автоматической переработкой информации и резкими суждениями; г) расторможенным социальным поведением. Уменьшение власти, напротив, ассоциируется с: а) негативным аффектом; б) вниманием к угрозам и наказаниям, к интересам других и к тем характеристикам я, которые отвечают целям других; в) контролируемой переработкой информации и совещательным типом рассуждений; г) подавленным социальным поведением. Обсуждаются также последствия этих паттернов поведения, связанных с властью, и потенциальные модераторы.

Power, approach, and inhibition. Власть, напористость и подавленность

This review focuses on the pathway leading from the marital relationship to physical health. Evidence from 64 articles published in the past decade, particularly marital interaction studies, suggests that marital functioning is consequential for health; negative dimensions of marital functioning have indirect influences on health outcomes through depression and health habits, and direct influences on cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, neurosensory, and other physiological mechanisms. Moreover, individual difference variables such as trait hostility augment the impact of marital processes on biological systems. Emerging themes in the past decade include the importance of differentiating positive and negative dimensions of marital functioning, the explanatory power of behavioral data, and gender differences in the pathways from the marital relationship to physiological functioning. Contemporary models of gender that emphasize self-processes, traits, and roles furnish alternative perspectives on the differential costs and benefits of marriage for men's and women's health.

Marriage and health: his and hers.

The overall aim of this study was to investigate laypeople's accounts of the causes, features, and consequences of workplace anger episodes and to examine similarities and differences amongst superiors', co-workers' and subordinates' anger experiences. One hundred and seventy-five respondents participated in structured interviews about a work-related anger episode with a superior, co-worker, or subordinate. Various features of the anger episodes differed according to the status of the respondent, with superiors angered by morally reprehensible behaviors and job incompetence, co-workers angered by morally reprehensible behaviors and public humiliation, and subordinates angered by unjust treatment. Subordinates were less likely than superiors to confront the anger target and more likely to consider the incident unresolved. Humiliating offences elicited more intense hate than non-humiliating offences; hate was also negatively associated with situational power and with a perceived successful resolution of the anger-eliciting event. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed in relation to the role of power in the experience and expression of anger in the workplace. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates

Contents: Preface. G.J.O. Fletcher, J. Fitness, Introduction. Part I: Knowledge Structures and Individual/Couple Differences. G.J.O. Fletcher, G. Thomas, Close Relationship Lay Theories: Their Structure and Function. P.R. Shaver, N. Collins, C.L. Clark, Attachment Styles and Internal Working Models of Self and Relationship Partners. C.E. Rusbult, N.A. Yovetich, J. Verette, An Interdependence Analysis of Accommodation Processes. S.L. Murray, J.G. Holmes, The Construction of Relationship Realities. J.A. Simpson, S.W. Gangestad, C. Nations, Sociosexuality and Relationship Initiation: An Ethological Perspective of Nonverbal Behavior. L.K. Acitelli, A.M. Young, Gender and Thought in Relationships. Discussant Chapter: Part I. H.T. Reis, C.R. Knee, What We Know, What We Don't Know, and What We Need to Know About Relationship Knowledge Structures. Part II: Knowledge Structures and Emotions. J. Fitness, Emotion Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships. B. Fehr, M. Baldwin, Prototype and Script Analyses of Laypeople's Knowledge of Anger. M.S. Clark, S.P. Pataki, V.H. Carver, Some Thoughts and Findings on Self-Presentation of Emotions in Relationships. Discussant Chapter: Part II. J.P. Forgas, The Role of Emotion Scripts and Transient Moods in Relationships: Structural and Functional Perspectives. Part III: Knowledge Structures and Relationship Development. S. Planalp, M. Rivers, Changes in Knowledge of Personal Relationships. A. Aron, E.N. Aron, Self and Self-Expansion in Relationships. D. Holmberg, J. Veroff, Rewriting Relationship Memories: The Effects of Courtship and Wedding Scripts. J.D. Vorauer, M. Ross, The Pursuit of Knowledge in Close Relationships: An Informational Goals Analysis. Discussant Chapter: Part III. C.A. Surra, Knowledge Structures in Developing Relationships: Progress and Pitfalls.

Knowledge structures in close relationships : a social psychological approach

Recent discoveries suggest that social pain is as real and intense as physical pain, and that the social-pain system may have piggybacked on the brain structure that had evolved earlier for physical pain. The present study examined an important distinction between social and physical pain: Individuals can relive and reexperience social pain more easily and more intensely than physical pain. Studies 1 and 2 showed that people reported higher levels of pain after reliving a past socially painful event than after reliving a past physically painful event. Studies 3 and 4 found, in addition, that people performed worse on cognitively demanding tasks after they relived social rather than physical pain. Implications for research on social pain and theories about social pain are discussed.

When Hurt Will Not Heal Exploring the Capacity to Relive Social and Physical Pain

Evidence exists that immoral behavior can elicit disgust. The authors thus proposed that highly disgust-sensitive individuals would be particularly repelled by exposure to transgressors and, consequently, would think and behave in ways aimed at reducing the risk of such exposure occurring--a syndrome the authors call moral hypervigilance. To examine these ideas, the authors began in Study 1 by testing the notion that people are disgusted by moral deviants. Evidence was found that participants exposed to descriptions of criminals experienced disgust. Across 2 further studies, disgust sensitivity (DS) was found to be associated with phenomena indicative of moral hypervigilance. In Study 2, mock jurors high on DS were biased toward conviction. In Study 3, DS predicted several hypothesized outcomes: higher estimates of the probability that suspects described in crime vignettes were culpable; a proclivity to attribute evilness to, and recommend lengthy sentences for, criminals; and inflated perceptions of community crime levels.

Moral hypervigilance: the influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain.

The aim of this research was to make a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis of 4 emotions within marriage. In Study 1, 160 Ss recalled and wrote about a partner-related love, hate, anger, or jealousy incident. Distinct prototypes and appraisal patterns were obtained. In Study 2, 80 Ss wrote accounts of hypothetical love, hate, anger, and jealousy events in marriage. The results suggested both recalled and hypothetical accounts were derived from the same knowledge structures. In Study 3, Ss matched emotions to events described with varying amounts of prototypical and appraisal information, derived from Study 1. Adding such information significantly increased emotion-matching accuracy over the event-description-only condition. The results are discussed in relation to prototype and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion in close relationships.

Julie Fitness

Papers

Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates

Knowledge structures in close relationships : a social psychological approach

When Hurt Will Not Heal Exploring the Capacity to Relive Social and Physical Pain

Moral hypervigilance: the influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain.

Love, hate, anger, and jealousy in close relationships: a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis