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American Society for Testing and Materials

The global burden of disease caused by group A streptococcus (GAS) is not known. We review recent population-based data to estimate the burden of GAS diseases and highlight deficiencies in the available data. We estimate that there are at least 517,000 deaths each year due to severe GAS diseases (eg, acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and invasive infections). The prevalence of severe GAS disease is at least 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases each year. The greatest burden is due to rheumatic heart disease, with a prevalence of at least 15.6 million cases, with 282,000 new cases and 233,000 deaths each year. The burden of invasive GAS diseases is unexpectedly high, with at least 663,000 new cases and 163,000 deaths each year. In addition, there are more than 111 million prevalent cases of GAS pyoderma, and over 616 million incident cases per year of GAS pharyngitis. Epidemiological data from developing countries for most diseases is poor. On a global scale, GAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. These data emphasise the need to reinforce current control strategies, develop new primary prevention strategies, and collect better data from developing countries.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(05)70267-X.pdf

The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases

Morphology, rheology, and physical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders

South Asia's girls and women do not have the same life advantage as their Western counterparts. A human rights based approach may help to overcome gender related barriers and improve the wellbeing of men, women, and children. 

Behaviour has an important role in health disparities—for example, young men take greater risks, causing injury and violent death, and men smoke more.1 In industrialised countries women are born with an advantage; their healthy life expectancy is two years longer and their life expectancy six years longer than those of men.2 This advantage is prominent in childhood; girls are more likely to survive the first five years of life than boys.2 However, does this female advantage endure in parts of the world where gender discrimination exists? We present the case of South Asia to illustrate the role that gender has on health.

From many perspectives women in South Asia find themselves in subordinate positions to men and are socially, culturally, and economically dependent on them.3 Women are largely excluded from making decisions, have limited access to and control over resources, are restricted in their mobility, and are often under threat of violence from male relatives.4 Sons are perceived to have economic, social, or religious utility; daughters are often felt to be an economic liability because of the dowry system.5

We believe that individual and societal beliefs about and attitudes towards appropriate gender specific roles, and the choices of individuals and households on the basis of these factors, mean that women are disadvantaged with regard to health and health care. There are some instances in which gender differences hurt men's health—for example, men are more likely to be involved in road crashes or occupational accidents as they are more likely to be outside the home or in a …

/pdf/role-of-gender-in-health-disparity-the-south-asian-context-28u021k0iw.pdf

Role of gender in health disparity: the South Asian context

Developments of nano materials and technologies on asphalt materials – A review

The effects of moisture susceptibility and ageing conditions on nano-silica/polymer-modified asphalt mixtures

Root cause failure analysis of a division wall superheater tube of a coal-fired power station

Investigation into hot-mix asphalt moisture-induced damage under tropical climatic conditions

A cross-sectional study was carried out in rural areas of Jawan Block, District Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, covering a total population of 3760 drawn from 11 villages. The total number of confirmed cases of rheumatic heart disease was 24 with a prevalence rate of 6.4 per 1000 of the general rural population. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease increased with age until the age of 25 years. Females were more prone to rheumatic heart disease compared to males. Socio-economic class had a direct impact on the occurrence of rheumatic heart disease.

Rheumatic heart disease in India.

In road paving industry, asphalt emulsion is used for cold mix application such as chip seal, slurry seal, microsurfacing, cold recycled mixture and etc. Asphalt emulsion has several advantages compared to normal asphalt such as eco-friendly, easy to handle at ambient temperature and energy saving material because it does not need any heating process in its application. The history of asphalt emulsions and its application in road construction begin in the early part of 20 century. Due to the increasing number of traffic loads and volume, the used of normal asphalt emulsion is not enough to prevent the pavement from deterioration. Nowadays, polymer modified asphalt technology is used by researcher and manufacturer in asphalt emulsion to improve the performance of asphalt emulsion. Various types of polymers can be used to prepare polymer modified asphalt emulsion such as styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) block copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, epoxy resin and natural rubber latex. Polymer can be added into asphalt emulsion in three ways: 1) pre-blending method, 2) simultaneous-blending method and 3) post-blending method. The blending method has important influence on polymer network distribution and will affect the performance of polymer modified asphalt emulsions. The absence of an agreed protocol has allowed various techniques to be used by testing laboratories in order to obtain asphalt emulsion residue. This paper presents an overview of the researches which have been conducted on polymer modified asphalt emulsions using various types of polymer and performance of its application.

http://www.ijens.org/Vol_11_I_06/111806-3434-IJCEE-IJENS.pdf

Juraidah Ahmad

Papers

The effects of moisture susceptibility and ageing conditions on nano-silica/polymer-modified asphalt mixtures

Root cause failure analysis of a division wall superheater tube of a coal-fired power station

Investigation into hot-mix asphalt moisture-induced damage under tropical climatic conditions

Rheumatic heart disease in India.

Polymer Modified Asphalt Emulsion