Lagoons are highly productive coastal features that provide a range of natural services that society values. Their setting within the coastal landscape leaves them especially vulnerable to profound physical, ecological, and associated societal disturbance from global climate change. Expected shifts in physical and ecological characteristics range from changes in flushing regime, freshwater inputs, and water chemistry to complete inundation and loss and the concomitant loss of natural and human communities. Therefore, managing coastal lagoons in the context of global climate change is critical. Although management approaches will vary depending on local conditions and cultural norms, all management scenarios will need to be nimble and to make full use of the spectrum of values through which society views these unique ecosystems. We propose that this spectrum includes pragmatic, scholarly, aesthetic, and tacit categories of value. Pragmatic values such as fishery or tourism revenue are most easily quantified and are therefore more likely to be considered in management strategies. In contrast, tacit values such as a sense of place are more difficult to quantify and therefore more likely to be left out of explicit management justifications. However, tacit values are the most influential to stakeholder involvement because they both derive from and shape individual experiences and beliefs. Tacit values underpin all categories of social values that we describe and can be expected to have a strong influence over human behavior. The articulation and inclusion of the full spectrum of values, especially tacit values, will facilitate and support nimble adaptive management of coastal lagoon ecosystems in the context of global climate change.

/pdf/coastal-lagoons-and-climate-change-ecological-and-social-34tfqzkh1l.pdf

Coastal Lagoons and Climate Change: Ecological and Social Ramifications in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ecosystems

Tropical cyclone-generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and destructive natural hazards. This paper provides the first comprehensive global review of tropical storm surge data sources, observations, and impacts while archiving data in SURGEDAT, a global database. Available literature has provided data for more than 700 surge events since 1880, the majority of which are found in the western North Atlantic (WNA), followed by Australia/Oceania, the western North Pacific (WNP), and the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The Bay of Bengal (BOB) in the NIO consistently observes the world's highest surges, as this subbasin averages five surges ≥5 m per decade and has observed credible storm tide levels reaching 13.7 m. The WNP observes the highest rate of low-magnitude surges, as the coast of China averages 54 surges ≥1 m per decade, and rates are likely higher in the Philippines. The U.S. Gulf Coast observes the second highest frequency of both high-magnitude (≥5 m) and low-magnitude (≥1 m) surges. The BOB observes the most catastrophic surge impacts, as 59% of global tropical cyclones that have killed at least 5000 people occurred in this basin. The six deadliest cyclones in this region have each killed at least 140,000 people, and two events have killed 300,000. Storm surge impacts transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors in the WNA. Oceania experiences long-term impacts, including contamination of fresh water and loss of food supplies, although the highest surges in this region are lower than most other basins.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2014RG000477

A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

This paper contributes to the understanding of disasters from the perspective of social media activities. We develop a measure based on Twitter activities that can be used to quantify the evolution of disasters and thus demonstrate temporal–spatial patterns of Twitter activities particularly near the coastline and in large urban areas during Hurricane Sandy. We also show a close relationship between hurricane damages and Twitter activities. Our findings suggest the potential of using social media activities for rapid damage assessment.

Using social media data to understand and assess disasters

Modelling reveals that Dubai in the Persian Gulf region, Tampa in Florida, and Cairns in Australia are at risk of extreme tropical cyclones—‘grey swan’ events—capable of inducing surge impact beyond anything experienced in the historical record.

/pdf/grey-swan-tropical-cyclones-15s172zeme.pdf

Grey swan tropical cyclones

Climate change is acknowledged as the largest threat to our societies in the coming decades, potentially affecting large and diverse groups of urban residents in this century of urbanization. As urban areas house highly diverse people with differing vulnerabilities, intensifying climate change is likely to shift the focus of discussions from a general urban perspective to who in cities will be affected by climate change, and how. This brings the urban equity question to the forefront. Here we assess how climate change events may amplify urban inequity. We find that heatwaves, but also flooding, landslides, and even mitigation and adaptation measures, affect specific population groups more than others. As underlying sensitivity factors we consistently identify socioeconomic status and gender. We synthesize the findings with regard to equity types – meaning outcome-based, process-oriented and context-related equity – and suggest solutions for avoiding increased equity and justice concerns as a result of climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation.

/pdf/climate-change-equity-and-the-sustainable-development-goals-1ng203isxu.pdf

Climate change, equity and the Sustainable Development Goals: an urban perspective

Hurricane Katrina (23–30 August 2005) struck low-lying coastal plains particularly vulnerable to storm surge flooding. Maximum storm surges, overland flow depths, and inundation distances were measured along the Gulf Coast of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. The vehicle based survey was complemented by inspections with the reconnaissance boat along the Gulf Coast and the Mississippi Barrier Islands. The storm surge peaked to the East of Katrina’s path exceeding 10 meters in several locations along the Mississippi coastline. The storm surge measurements show that the lower floors of specially designed buildings were damaged by the surge of seawater and associated wave action, while the upper floors sustained minimal wind damage. Furthermore, the storm surge measurements along New Orleans’s Lake shore indicate that the 17th Street Canal levee failed prior to overtopping. The land loss on the barrier islands resulted in an increased vulnerability of the US Gulf Coast to future hurricane storm surges.

Hurricane katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands

Hurricane Katrina (August 23–30, 2005) was one of the costliest and deadliest hurricanes to ever strike the United States, impacting low-lying coastal plains particularly vulnerable to storm surge flooding. Maximum storm surges, overland flow depths, and inundation distances were measured along the Gulf Coast of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The vehicle-based survey was complemented by inspections with the reconnaissance boat along the Gulf Coast and the Mississippi Barrier Islands. The survey covered both the impact on the built and the natural environments. The storm surge peaked to the east of Katrina’s path exceeding 10 m in several locations along the Mississippi coastline. The storm surge measurements show that the lower floors of specially designed buildings were damaged by the surge of seawater and associated wave action, while the upper floors sustained minimal wind damage. The storm surge measurements along New Orleans Lakeshore allowed the investigators to exclude overtopping as...

Hurricane Katrina Storm Surge Reconnaissance

This work addresses the interpretation of accelerated corrosion data with specific application towards the implementation of a successful Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) program. The objectives of this work are twofold, to investigate the efficacy of specific Linear Polarization Resistance sensors, and to develop a greater understanding of interpretation of accelerated corrosion testing. Linear Polarization Resistance sensors are used to retrieve corrosion data of 1100 Aluminum and 1010 steel using accelerated corrosion tests. The accelerated tests are performed for which the times of exposure are 48 hours and 96 hours. Data from Linear Polarization Resistance sensors is compared with physical observations of metal corrosion. Preliminary tests indicate that the LPR sensor resistance varies appropriately with the corrosion rating and humidity. Quantitative standards are achieved using the ASTM G34 corrosion rating. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm is developed in MATLAB to test the consistency and efficacy of the LPR sensors. The Neural Network proposed for this study uses twelve inputs, one hidden layer consisting of 32 neurons, and two outputs; it adapts it weight functions using the back propagation algorithm. The output parameters are the ASTM G34 corrosion rating and material loss rate. The network provides results within 13% of experimental values for corrosion rate and accurately predicts the corrosion rating. The corrosion rate predicted by LPR data is higher than experimental results as well as the ANN values, however the difference can be accounted for by the inherent assumptions in the electrochemical methods adopted.

Justin Singleton

Papers

Hurricane katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands

Hurricane Katrina Storm Surge Reconnaissance

Improving Accelerated Corrosion Test Predictions using Linear Polarization Resistance Sensors With Neural Networks