KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)〔和文〕 (特集 ゲノム医学の現在と未来--基礎と臨床) -- (データベース)

Endocytosis is a fundamental process in which eukaryotic cells internalise molecules and macromolecules via deformation of the membrane and generation of membrane-bound carriers. Functional aspects are not only limited to uptake of nutrients, but also play a primary role in evolutionary conserved processes such as the regulation of plasma membrane protein activity (i.e. signal-transducing receptors, small-molecule transporters and ion channels), cell motility and mitosis. The macromolecular nature of the material transported by endocytosis makes this route one of the most important targets for nanomedicine. Indeed, many nanoparticle formulations have been customised to enter cells through endocytosis and deliver the cargo within the cell. In this critical review, we present an overview of the biology of endocytosis and discuss its implications in cell internalisation of nanoparticles. We discuss how nanoparticle size, shape and surface chemistry can control this process effectively. Finally, we discuss different drug delivery strategies on how to evade lysosomal degradation to promote effective release of the cargo (376 references).

Endocytosis at the nanoscale

Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture.

In the last decade betanodavirus infections have emerged as major constraints on the culture of marine fish in all parts of the world with the exception of the African continent. The occurrence of these infections appears to be a function of the number of species cultured and the intensity of culture. This has been further complicated by the promiscuous translocation of stock within and between countries. Great strides have been made in defining these agents and producing diagnostic techniques but much more remains to be done. Lack of knowledge of the epidemiology of the diseases caused by nodaviruses, except for vertical transmission of the pathogen in some species, has impeded the development of control measures but, even so, the measures identified to date have not been adequately implemented by producers with the result that catastrophic losses still occur on a regular basis.

Betanodavirus infections of teleost fish: a review

Fish is considered to be an important model in comparative immunology studies because it is a representative population of lower vertebrates serving as an essential link to early vertebrate evolution. Fish immune-relevant genes have received considerable attention due to its role in improving understanding of both fish immunology and the evolution of immune systems. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of teleost immune-relevant genes for both innate and adaptive immunity, including pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptides, complement molecules, lectins, interferons and signaling factors, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adaptive immunity relevant cytokines and negative regulators, major histocompatibility complexes, immunoglobulins, and costimulatory molecules. The implications of these factors on the evolutionary history of immune systems were discussed and a perspective outline of innate and adaptive immunity of teleost fish was described. This review may provide clues on the evolution of the essential defense system in vertebrates.

Advances in research of fish immune-relevant genes: a comparative overview of innate and adaptive immunity in teleosts.

A new myxosporean, Myxobolus etropli sp. nov., was found to infect the bulbus arteriosus of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from brackishwater lagoons of Muttukkadu, Chennai coast, India. A survey from May 1993 to October 1994 revealed a prevalence rate of 33.7% of this parasite. Macroscopic discoloured foci/cysts were seen in the bulbus arteriosus of the fish. The parasite showed strict host and site specificity. Histopathology showed that the infection was restricted to the bulbus. This is the first report of a myxosporean from E. suratensis.

/pdf/cardiac-myxosporiosis-of-pearl-spot-etroplus-suratensis-2hyyx5qsnt.pdf

Cardiac myxosporiosis of pearl-spot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch), due to Myxobolus etropli sp. nov.

A comparative study of white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp from India and Korea.

Level of variation in tail weight and its degree of dependence on different morphometric traits were estimated in Penaeus monodon . The data on morphometric traits of a total of 165 P. monodon of four different weight groups, were subjected to stepwise regression analysis. The coefficient of variation of tail weight in all the groups was found to be higher. Correlation matrices revealed a significant relationship between the morphometric traits and tail weight, particularly in the broodstock animals. The order in which different morphometric traits entered the regression equation differed among the wieght groups. In broodstock animals, partial carapace length and carapace width determine the tail weight with high degree of accuracy {R^= 99%). Therefore, these easily measurable traits can be used as criteria in the selection of P. monodon broodstock

http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJF/article/download/8816/3696

Reliable criteria for the selection of broodstock of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in genetic improvement programmes

Shrimp disease of viral origin have caused large production losses worldwide. This paper presents a case study of shrimp (Penaeus monodon; Penaeus indicus) epizootic disease, covering an area of 1,050 ha in Andhra Pradesh, India. The disease struck shrimp farms in the area in July 1994. Samples from 26 shrimp farms were studied in the laboratory, and the pattern of the disease and of mortality recorded. The disease was classified as infectious hepatopancreatic and lymphoid organ necrosis disease (IHLN).

K.V. Rajendran

Papers

Cardiac myxosporiosis of pearl-spot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch), due to Myxobolus etropli sp. nov.

A comparative study of white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp from India and Korea.

Reliable criteria for the selection of broodstock of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in genetic improvement programmes

An epizootic of infectious hepatopancreatic and lymphoid organ necrosis disease in cultured Penaeus monodon: a case study

Gain of function studies on predicted host receptors for white spot virus.