抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Hydrophilic polymers are the center of research emphasis in nanotechnology because of their perceived “intelligence”. They can be used as thin films, scaffolds, or nanoparticles in a wide range of biomedical and biological applications. Here we highlight recent developments in engineering uncrosslinked and crosslinked hydrophilic polymers for these applications. Natural, biohybrid, and synthetic hydrophilic polymers and hydrogels are analyzed and their thermodynamic responses are discussed. In addition, examples of the use of hydrogels for various therapeutic applications are given. We show how such systems’ intelligent behavior can be used in sensors, microarrays, and imaging. Finally, we outline challenges for the future in integrating hydrogels into biomedical applications.

/pdf/hydrogels-in-biology-and-medicine-from-molecular-principles-3lowrzjjsl.pdf

Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology†

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

Superhydrophobic surfaces have drawn a lot of interest both in academia and in industry because of the self-cleaning properties. This critical review focuses on the recent progress (within the last three years) in the preparation, theoretical modeling, and applications of superhydrophobic surfaces. The preparation approaches are reviewed according to categorized approaches such as bottom-up, top-down, and combination approaches. The advantages and limitations of each strategy are summarized and compared. Progress in theoretical modeling of surface design and wettability behavior focuses on the transition state of superhydrophobic surfaces and the role of the roughness factor. Finally, the problems/obstacles related to applicability of superhydrophobic surfaces in real life are addressed. This review should be of interest to students and scientists interested specifically in superhydrophobic surfaces but also to scientists and industries focused in material chemistry in general.

What do we need for a superhydrophobic surface? A review on the recent progress in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces

Microscale technologies are emerging as powerful tools for tissue engineering and biological studies. In this review, we present an overview of these technologies in various tissue engineering applications, such as for fabricating 3D microfabricated scaffolds, as templates for cell aggregate formation, or for fabricating materials in a spatially regulated manner. In addition, we give examples of the use of microscale technologies for controlling the cellular microenvironment in vitro and for performing high-throughput assays. The use of microfluidics, surface patterning, and patterned cocultures in regulating various aspects of cellular microenvironment is discussed, as well as the application of these technologies in directing cell fate and elucidating the underlying biology. Throughout this review, we will use specific examples where available and will provide trends and future directions in the field.

/pdf/microscale-technologies-for-tissue-engineering-and-biology-4fvlhnhbll.pdf

Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology

We present a simple yet robust method for fabricating angled,hierarchically patterned high-aspect-ratio polymer nanohairs togenerate directionally sensitive dry adhesives. The slanted poly-mericnanostructuresweremoldedfromanetchedpolySisubstratecontaining slanted nanoholes. An angled etching technique wasdevelopedtofabricateslantednanoholeswithﬂattipsbyinsertingan etch-stop layer of silicon dioxide. This unique etching methodwas equipped with a Faraday cage system to control the ion-incident angles in the conventional plasma etching system. Thepolymeric nanohairs were fabricated with tailored leaning angles,sizes, tip shapes, and hierarchical structures. As a result of con-trolled leaning angle and bulged ﬂat top of the nanohairs, thereplicated, slanted nanohairs showed excellent directional adhe-sion, exhibiting strong shear attachment ( 26 N/cm

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/14/5639.full.pdf

A nontransferring dry adhesive with hierarchical polymer nanohairs.

Capillary Force Lithography

Direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into selective neurons on nanoscale ridge/groove pattern arrays.

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (No. 20110017530), WCU (World Class University) program (R31-2008-000-10083-0) on multiscale mechanical design, and Basic Science Research Program (2010-0027955) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST). This work was supported in part by the Award No KUK-F1-037-02, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (IAMD) of Seoul National University.

Rational Design and Enhanced Biocompatibility of a Dry Adhesive Medical Skin Patch

The ability to control the deposition and location of adherent and non-adherent cells within microfluidic devices is beneficial for the development of micro-scale bioanalytical tools and high-throughput screening systems. Here, we introduce a simple technique to fabricate poly(ethylene glycol)
				(PEG) microstructures within microfluidic channels that can be used to dock cells within pre-defined locations. Microstructures of various shapes were used to capture and shear-protect cells despite medium flow in the channel. Using this approach, PEG microwells were fabricated either with exposed or non-exposed substrates. Proteins and cells adhered within microwells with exposed substrates, while non-exposed substrates prevented protein and cell adhesion (although the cells were captured inside the features). Furthermore, immobilized cells remained viable and were stained for cell surface receptors by sequential flow of antibodies and secondary fluorescent probes. With its unique strengths in utility and control, this approach is potentially beneficial for the development of cell-based analytical devices and microreactors that enable the capture and real-time analysis of cells within microchannels, irrespective of cell anchorage properties.

/pdf/molded-polyethylene-glycol-microstructures-for-capturing-q3g2t1cipu.pdf

Kahp Y. Suh

Papers

A nontransferring dry adhesive with hierarchical polymer nanohairs.

Capillary Force Lithography

Direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into selective neurons on nanoscale ridge/groove pattern arrays.

Rational Design and Enhanced Biocompatibility of a Dry Adhesive Medical Skin Patch

Molded polyethylene glycol microstructures for capturing cells within microfluidic channels