抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with controlled geometrical, optical, and surface chemical properties are the subject of intensive studies and applications in biology and medicine. To date, the ever increasing diversity of published examples has included genomics and biosensorics, immunoassays and clinical chemistry, photothermolysis of cancer cells and tumors, targeted delivery of drugs and antigens, and optical bioimaging of cells and tissues with state-of-the-art nanophotonic detection systems. This critical review is focused on the application of GNP conjugates to biomedical diagnostics and analytics, photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and delivery of target molecules. Distinct from other published reviews, we present a summary of the immunological properties of GNPs. For each of the above topics, the basic principles, recent advances, and current challenges are discussed (508 references).

Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances and perspectives

The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter through mucosal surfaces. Central to the immune system's ability to mobilize a response to an invading pathogen, toxin, or allergen is its ability to distinguish self from nonself. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic microbes, and both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination. This overview identifies key mechanisms used by the immune system to respond to invading microbes and other exogenous threats and identifies settings in which disturbed immune function exacerbates tissue injury.

/pdf/overview-of-the-immune-response-2is735zjhy.pdf

Overview of the Immune Response

HLA-DRB1 class II alleles in Indian asthmatic population: A candidate gene-environment interaction

Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590 010, Karnataka, India Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra India Serum Institute of India Limited, No. 212/2 Serum Company Road, Off. Soli Poonawalla Road, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, S. No. 44/1, Off. Sinhgad Road, Vadgaon Budruk, Pune 411 041, Maharashtra, India E-mail: bt.sanjay@gmail.com

/pdf/phytochemical-characterization-of-ayurvedic-formulations-of-2g99fyd14n.pdf

Phytochemical characterization of ayurvedic formulations of Terminalia arjuna : A potential tool for quality assurance

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) represent genetic variation in a human population; 99.9% of the DNA sequence is identical and remaining 0.1% of DNA contains sequence variants. Around ten million SNPs are identified post human genome project. Identification of SNPs associated with disease phenotype has diagnostic potential and may predict drug response. Several technologies genotype thousands of SNPs simultaneously, for instance, genotyping arrays, gene-chip arrays, bead array technology, pyrosequencing, TaqMan approach, etc., however Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) remains a simplest, reliable, and cost effective method. In PCR-RFLP, a fragment that is to be analyzed for a mutation is amplified from genomic DNA using PCR, digested using appropriate restriction enzyme and then separated by gel electrophoresis. Sets of primer are used to amplify a fragment of interest and are designed in such a way that it flanks the polymorphic site and is located in such a way as to generate uneven sized fragments upon restriction endonuclease cleavage of the amplified PCR products. FOXO3a plays a key role in maintaining immunoregulation and is associated with several inflammatory diseases. Here, we report the PCR-RFLP protocol developed for detection of polymorphism in FOXO3a gene (rs13217795) by amplifying a 667 bp fragment followed by restriction endonuclease analysis using PagI to obtain RFLP patterns.

Analysis of FOXO3a Gene Polymorphism Associated with Asthma.

Chemoghemogenomics approaches in rationalizing compound action of traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of polyherbal formulation (designated as IP) in comparison to placebo as add on to the standard of care (SoC) among patients with mild to moderate novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) MethodsLaboratory proved patients of mild to moderate COVID-19 disease were randomized to either placebo or IP as an add-on to SoC. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR), we assessed the effect on viral load (VL). Change in immunological parameters such as blood lymphocyte subset, serum immunoglobulin was determined. The clinical improvement was assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS) and WHO ordinal scale. Patients were followed for 30 days after randomization. ResultsIn total, 72 patients were randomized to either placebo (n=33) and IP (n=39). Fifty-two patients (n=21 in placebo and n=31 in IP arm) had qRT-PCR on day 0 and day 4. There was significant reduction in VL in IP arm (from 662081 copies/mL on day 0 to 48963 copies/mL on day 4; p=0.002)) but not in the placebo arm (from 385670 copies/mL on day 0 to 66845 copies/mL on day 4, p=0.106). Change in the NRS score and WHO ordinal scale score was significant in both treatment arms. However, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant in favour of drug group. The increase in Th1 response was significant in the IP arm (p=0.023) but not in the placebo arm (p=0.098), thus implying immunomodulatory activity in the drug. No safety concerns were observed in any of the trial participants. ConclusionThis study finds that polyherbal formulation reduces viral load and contributes to immunomodulation and improvement in clinical conditions when used as add-on to the standard care in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 without any side effects. These findings need to be further confirmed in a large, prospective, randomized study.

Efficacy and Safety of Polyherbal formulation as an add-on to the standard of care in mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Kalpana Joshi

Papers

HLA-DRB1 class II alleles in Indian asthmatic population: A candidate gene-environment interaction

Phytochemical characterization of ayurvedic formulations of Terminalia arjuna : A potential tool for quality assurance

Analysis of FOXO3a Gene Polymorphism Associated with Asthma.

Chemoghemogenomics approaches in rationalizing compound action of traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines

Efficacy and Safety of Polyherbal formulation as an add-on to the standard of care in mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial