The program Mercury, developed at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, was originally designed primarily as a crystal structure visualization tool. Over the years the fields and scientific communities of chemical crystallography and crystal engineering have developed to require more advanced structural analysis software. Mercury has evolved alongside these scientific communities and is now a powerful analysis, design and prediction platform which goes a lot further than simple structure visualization.

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Mercury 4.0: from visualization to analysis, design and prediction

Dye effluents released from numerous dye-utilizing industries are harmful towards the environment and living things. Consequently, existence of dye effluent in environmental water bodies is becoming a growing concern to environmentalists and civilians. A long term sustainable and efficient dye effluent treatment method should be established to eliminate this issue. Dye wastewater should be treated first before release to minimize its negative impacts towards the environment and living things. However, due to lack of information on efficient dye removal methods, it is difficult to decide on a single technique that resolves the prevailing dye effluent issue. Therefore, this paper reviews existing research papers on various biological, chemical and physical dye removal methods to find its efficiency through percentage of dye removal. Although there are numerous existing tried and tested methods to accomplish dye removal, most of them have a common disadvantage which is the generation of secondary pollution to the environment. This paper highlights enzyme degradation (biological) and adsorption (physical) dye removal as these are known as one of the most efficient dye removal techniques these days. This paper also suggests the usage of a combined adsorbent as it is envisioned that this technique has better efficiency and is able to remove dyes at a faster rate.

Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review

Organic Chemistry By Dr. I. L. Finar. Vol. 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products. Pp. xi + 733. (London and New York: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1956.) 40s. net.

Advanced Organic Chemistry

Economics of biodiesel production: Review

Synthesis, structure and interactions with DNA of novel tetranuclear, [Mn 4 (II/II/II/IV)] mixed valence complexes

Salt-dependent binding of iron(II) mixed-ligand complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine to calf thymus DNA.

Oxidation of remazol brilliant blue r (RB.19) with in situ electro-generated active chlorine using Ti/PbO2 electrode

A research on effect of coconut shell pyrolisis temperature and liquid smoke distillation on character of resulted liquid smoke has been done. Objective of the research is to identify effect of coconut shell pyrolisis temperature and liquid smoke distillation on character of coconut shell liquid smoke distillate. Liquid smoke was obtained with pyrolisis using pyrolisis reactor on temperatu re range of 150 to 450 o C. Liquid smoke purification was done by decantation, filtering and distillation at various temperatures: <100 (D - I), 100 - 120 (D - II), 121 - 140 (D - III), 141 - 160 (D - IV), 161 - 180 (D - V) and 181 200 (D - VI). Liquid smoke characteristic was done by determining physical and chemical characteristic such as density, bias index, pH, acid level and phenol level. The result indicated that temperature of coconut shell pyrolisis and liquid smoke distillation affect concentration and liquid smoke char acteristic. Highest liquid smoke concentration was obtained in pyrolisis temperature of 150 - 200 o C (6.07% (v/m)) and the lowest one (0.85% (v/m) at temperature of 351 - 450 0 C. highest tar concentration (1.03% (v/m) was obtained at 276 - 350 o C, and the lowest (0 .20% (v/m)) at 150 - 200 o C. Charcoal concentration was 28.75% (m/m). Characteristic (pH, acid level and phenol level) of liquid smoke before and after purification process and distillation are various. Highest pH (6.2) was D - I, while the lowest (4.1) at D - VI . The highest acid level (58.40%) was at D - VI, while the lowest (1.86%) was at D - I. at D - I liquid smoke does not contain phenol, while the highest phenol content (3.85%) was in D - VI and the lowest was liquid smoke residue (1.93%) Keyword: liquid smoke, t emperature, coconut shell.

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Effect of pyrolisis temperature and dist illation on character of coconut shell liquid smoke

Microwave assisted preparation of TiO2/Al-pillared saponite for photocatalytic phenol photo-oxidation in aqueous solution

SO4/ZrO2 and Zr/CaO catalysts have been successfully synthesized and applied to esterification and transesterification process for conversion of coconut oil into biodiesel SO4/ZrO2 catalyst was synthesized via hydrolysis (sol-gel) of ZrOCl28H2O, followed by hydrothermal process, sulfation in various concentration of (NH4)2SO4, and calcination at various temperatures Likewise with Zr/CaO was synthesized through the hydrothermal process by dispersing Zr4+ ions on CaO Zr4+ was formed by desolvation of ZrOCl28H2O in water, then calcination was applied to determine the highest crystalline phase and total basicity The SO4/ZrO2 catalyst had the highest total acidity and crystallized phase at concentrations of 0,5 M (NH4)2SO4 and calcination temperature of 500 °C The Zr/CaO base catalyst had the highest basicity and a new crystalline phase of CaZrO3 was formed at a concentration of 15 % Zr/CaO and the calcination temperature of 800 °C 05 M SO4/ZrO2-500 effectively reduce coconut oil FFA levels in the esterification process 15 % Zr/CaO-800 catalyst successfully converted coconut oil into biodiesel in the transesterification process The biodiesel produced is predominantly of methyl laurate, methyl myristate and methyl palmitate

Karna Wijaya

Papers

Salt-dependent binding of iron(II) mixed-ligand complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine to calf thymus DNA.

Oxidation of remazol brilliant blue r (RB.19) with in situ electro-generated active chlorine using Ti/PbO2 electrode

Effect of pyrolisis temperature and dist illation on character of coconut shell liquid smoke

Microwave assisted preparation of TiO2/Al-pillared saponite for photocatalytic phenol photo-oxidation in aqueous solution

The Synthesis of SO4/ZrO2 and Zr/CaO Catalysts via Hydrothermal Treatment and Their Application for Conversion of Low-Grade Coconut Oil into Biodiesel