The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

The progress in the research and development of high temperature sodium batteries suggests that all-solid-state batteries with inorganic or polymer solid electrolytes are promising power sources for a wide range of applications due to their high thermal stability, reliability, long-cycle life and versatile geometries. The electrolytes play a fundamental role in terms of current (power) density, the time stability, and the safety of batteries and, as a result, their continuous improvement and innovation are indeed critical to success. In fact, inorganic solid electrolytes pave the way for improving the cost-effective development of rechargeable sodium batteries. This review describes a state-of-the-art overview of most of the Na+ conductors for use as electrolytes in sodium/sulphur and ZEBRA batteries. The emphasis of this article is on inorganic solid electrolytes, especially, ceramic and glass-ceramic electrolytes as promising alternatives applicable to all solid-state batteries. As part of a continuous effort to find new materials that operate at room temperature and moderate temperatures, NASICON electrolytes will also be considered. Polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are also very suitable for all solid-state batteries. Hence, the review focuses on ion transport based on the observed conductivity, electrolyte preparation, safety and environmental impact.

High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges and future trends

Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: Status, challenges and perspectives

This paper reports on the dependence of the nonstoichiometry of (YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7 {minus} x}) (solid), studied over 5 orders of magnitude in oxygen pressure and from 573 to 1173 K. Hydrogen-reduction methods for determining the absolute oxygen-to-metal ratio were developed. The resulting data were used to derive a chemical thermodynamic representation of the experimental variables. The data were also compared with several other investigations to identify the self-consistent sets of data. The present data and thermodynamic data from the literature were correlated on an Ellingham diagram.

Experimental and Thermodynamic Study of Nonstoichiometry in 〈YBa2Cu3O7‐x〉

The development of safe, reliable, yet economical energy storage has been reemphasized with recent incidents involving the explosion and subsequent recall of lithium-ion batteries. The organic liquid electrolyte used in the conventional lithium-ion battery can potentially act as a fuel for combustion in a thermal-runaway reaction, and hence an alternative with a significantly reduced flammability must be sought. All-solid-state batteries have the potential to meet safety and reliability requirements with the possibility of increasing the volumetric energy density of the system, making these a promising candidate for the development of the next generation of energy storage. Moreover, the sodium-ion battery exhibits a better cost-efficiency without significantly compromising the energy density, making the combination of the sodium chemistry with the solid electrolyte an attractive choice for safe and economical energy storage. Here, a general background on the recent development of ceramic and glass-ceramic sodium-ion-conducting electrolytes is provided with regard to oxide-, sulfide-, and hydride-based electrolytes. The ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical properties of the sodium-based solid electrolyte are discussed, which is followed by a perspective on future developments in the field.

Progress in the Development of Sodium‐Ion Solid Electrolytes

Oxygen nonstoichiometry of the YBa2Cu3O7-x phase has been determined for between 200 to 850°C and oxygen partial pressure of 10 to 30×10-4 atm by thermogravimetric measurements Values of the partial molar enthalpy of oxygen were estimated The stable region of the orthorhombic phase was suggested to expand at lower temperatures

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.27.L179/pdf

Determination of nonstoichiometry in YBa2Cu3O7−x

Formation and crystallization of beta-alumina from precursor prepared by sol-gel method using metal alkoxides

Phase relationship in ZrO2-YO1.5-TiO2 system, solid solubility of TiO2 in yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and phase stability have been investigated for the samples prepared by sol-gel method after the heat treatment between 1073 and 1923K for 10 to 100h using a powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The lattice parameter of the fluorite (FC) phase at fixed concentration of yttria was found to decrease linearly with increasing TiO2 concentration by the substitution of Ti4+ for Zr4+ ions. Although decrease in solid-solubility limit of TiO2 in (YO1.5)0.250-(Zr0.750-xTix)O2 with increasing annealing period suggests that the phase relationship obtained in this experiment includes metastability of the solid solution, the phase relationship satisfies the phase rule, except for the composition regime relating the formation of Zr3Y4O12, YO1.5 and Y2Ti2O7. The ternary phase relationships have been given for the annealing conditions of 1923K for 6h, 1773K for 10h, 1473K for 60h, 1273K for 10h and 100h and 1073K for 10h in air. The ternary eutectic temperature was estimated to be about 1823K from the phase relationship and the solid solubility of TiO2 in (YO1.5)0.250-(Zr0.750-xTix)O2 between 1273 and 1773K. The present results suggest that the solid solubility of TiO2 in YSZ is much smaller than the reported value.

Kazuya Terabe

Papers

Determination of nonstoichiometry in YBa2Cu3O7−x

Formation and crystallization of beta-alumina from precursor prepared by sol-gel method using metal alkoxides

Phase Relation of ZrO2-YO1.5-TiO2 Ceramics Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

Defect chemical study of Nd2-xCexCuO4-δ

Characterization of sodium β-alumina prepared by sol-gel method