The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

A novel and simple method for preparing highly photoactive nanocrystalline F--doped TiO2 photocatalyst with anatase and brookite phase was developed by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in a mixed NH4F−H2O solution. The prepared F--doped TiO2 powders were characterized by differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra (PL), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface areas. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air. The results showed that the crystallinity of anatase was improved upon F- doping. Moreover, fluoride ions not only suppressed the formation of brookite phase but also prevented phase transition of anatase to rutile. The F--doped TiO2 samples exhibited stronger absorption in the UV−visible range with a red shift in the band gap transition. The photocatalytic activity of F--doped TiO2 powders prep...

Effects of F- Doping on the Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructures of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Powders

Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review

3.2. Preparation 4090 3.3. Intermediate Layers 4090 3.4. Support 4090 3.5. Modification 4091 3.5.1. Silica Membrane Modification 4091 3.5.2. Membrane Structure Modification 4092 3.6. Operational Stability 4092 4. Zeolite Membranes 4092 4.1. Membrane Growth Methods 4093 4.2. Permeation and Gas Transport 4093 4.3. Defect Site Diffusion/Nonzeolitic Pores 4094 4.4. Thin Films 4094 4.5. Zeolite Membrane Modification 4094 4.6. CO2 Sequestration in H2 Separations 4095 4.7. Manufacturing 4095 5. Carbon-Based Membranes 4096 5.1. Carbon Membrane Preparations 4097 5.2. Carbon Membrane Post-treatment 4097 5.3. Carbon Membrane Module Construction 4097 5.4. Selective Surface Flow Membranes 4097 5.5. Disadvantages of Carbon Membranes 4098 5.6. Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 4098 5.7. Carbon Nanotubes 4099 6. Polymer Membranes for H2 Separations 4100 6.1. Dense Polymeric Membranes 4100 6.2. Hydrogen Selective Polymeric Membranes 4101 6.3. H2 versus CO2 Selective Polymeric Membranes 4103

Membranes for hydrogen separation.

The progress in the research and development of high temperature sodium batteries suggests that all-solid-state batteries with inorganic or polymer solid electrolytes are promising power sources for a wide range of applications due to their high thermal stability, reliability, long-cycle life and versatile geometries. The electrolytes play a fundamental role in terms of current (power) density, the time stability, and the safety of batteries and, as a result, their continuous improvement and innovation are indeed critical to success. In fact, inorganic solid electrolytes pave the way for improving the cost-effective development of rechargeable sodium batteries. This review describes a state-of-the-art overview of most of the Na+ conductors for use as electrolytes in sodium/sulphur and ZEBRA batteries. The emphasis of this article is on inorganic solid electrolytes, especially, ceramic and glass-ceramic electrolytes as promising alternatives applicable to all solid-state batteries. As part of a continuous effort to find new materials that operate at room temperature and moderate temperatures, NASICON electrolytes will also be considered. Polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are also very suitable for all solid-state batteries. Hence, the review focuses on ion transport based on the observed conductivity, electrolyte preparation, safety and environmental impact.

High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges and future trends

TiO2 precursors were prepared by the sol-gel method using titanium tetraisopropoxide. The effects of water and hydrochloric acid addition for the hydrolysis and polymerization reaction on the crystal lattice or the molecular structure, and on the crystallization behaviour of prepared precursors, were examined by using Raman, and infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, DTA-TG and carbon analysis. The quantity of unhydrolysed alkyls in precursors decreased with increasing amounts of H2O and HCl addition, but the alkyls always remained. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the molecular structure of prepared amorphous precursors resembled that of the anatase phase with increased H2O and HCl addition. On the crystallization process of these precursors, the ratio of anatase formed at 310 °C was influenced by residual unhydrolysed alkyls. Steric hindrance by the residual alkyls preventing crystallization to crystalline anatase was observed, and there was estimated to be 2.5 mol of octahedral coordination of Ti-O per 1 mol of residual alkyls. It is noted that crystallization of the anatase phase and the transformation from anatase to the rutile phase were also observed on long-term ageing of precursors at room temperature.

Microstructure and crystallization behaviour of TiO2 precursor prepared by the sol-gel method using metal alkoxide

The electronic structure of lightly Nb-doped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ has been investigated using high resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Below the O $1s$ threshold, XAS spectra show two features due to empty states whose energy positions match with those of the $3d$ photoemission spectra in the band gap energy region of the parent undoped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}.$ Similar features are also observed in lightly La-doped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}.$ These features exhibit systematic temperature dependence, which is well explained by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function. This indicates that the two features in the band gap are real bulk states such as simple donor states.

Electronic structure in the band gap of lightly doped SrTiO 3 by high-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Thermal lattice expansion behavior of Yb-doped BaCeO3

Electrical transport properties of calcium zirconate at high temperature

Oxygen nonstoichiometry of the YBa2Cu3O7-x phase has been determined for between 200 to 850°C and oxygen partial pressure of 10 to 30×10-4 atm by thermogravimetric measurements Values of the partial molar enthalpy of oxygen were estimated The stable region of the orthorhombic phase was suggested to expand at lower temperatures

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.27.L179/pdf

Shu Yamaguchi

Papers

Microstructure and crystallization behaviour of TiO2 precursor prepared by the sol-gel method using metal alkoxide

Electronic structure in the band gap of lightly doped SrTiO 3 by high-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Thermal lattice expansion behavior of Yb-doped BaCeO3

Electrical transport properties of calcium zirconate at high temperature

Determination of nonstoichiometry in YBa2Cu3O7−x