Image encryption techniques play a significant role in multimedia applications to secure and authenticate digital images. This paper presents a comprehensive study of various image encryption techniques. This paper covers the most significant developments in meta-heuristic based image encryption techniques. The various attacks and performance measures related to image encryption techniques have also been studied. The existing techniques are analyzed with respect to differential, statistical, and key analyses. The main goal of this paper is to give a broad perspective on characteristics of image encryption techniques. The paper concludes by discussing significant advancements in the field of image encryption and highlighting future challenges.

A Comprehensive Review on Image Encryption Techniques

Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map

There are two shortcomings existing in the current color image encryption. One is that high correlation between R, G, B components of the original image may be neglected, the other is that the encryption has little relationship with the plain image, and then it is vulnerable to be broken. In order to solve these two problems and present secure and effective image encryption scheme, we introduce a novel chaos-based image encryption algorithm for color images based on three-dimensional (3-D) bit-plane permutation. In the proposed algorithm, the color plain image is firstly converted to 24 bit planes by RGB splitting and bit plane decomposition, next three-dimensional bit-plane permutation is performed on bit planes, position sequences for permutation are obtained from the 3D Chen chaotic system, and then the three confused components are gotten. Secondly, three key matrices are generated by a 1D chaotic system and a multilevel discretization method, and finally, the color cipher image is obtained by diffusing the confused components using key matrices. The SHA 256 hash function value of the plain image is obtained and combined with the given parameters to calculate the parameters and initial values of the chaotic system, so that the proposed scheme highly depends on the plain image and it may effectively withstand known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks. Simulation results and security analyses demonstrate that our algorithm not only has good encryption effect, but can also resist against common attacks, so it is reliable to be applied for image secure communications.

A chaotic image encryption algorithm based on 3-D bit-plane permutation

In this technological era, it is highly essential to protect the digital medical data from the fraud and forgery as they are transmitted over the public channel. Also with the increased data traffic, it is hard to transmit the entire bulky medical data. New methods have come into the scene to reduce the traffic while maintaining the sufficient level of security. Partial encryption is one of the methods which selectively encrypt the bulky medical image. Meanwhile, if the same medical image is needed to be reused for another diagnosis, then it is recommended to protect the entire medical image. This paper proposes a hybrid encryption scheme based on deoxyribo nucleic acid and chaotic maps, which can be adaptable for both selective and full medical image encryption. The proposed algorithm uses multiple chaotic maps in single process to generate the highly random keys for encrypting the color digital imaging and communications in medicine image. The algorithm comprises three phases, namely, permutation, encoding, and diffusion. In all the phases, the selection of specific rule set depends on the key sequences produced from the combined chaotic system. Experimental results are carried out to validate the resistance of the developed algorithm toward statistical, differential, and brute force attacks.

DNA Chaos Blend to Secure Medical Privacy

An image encryption algorithm based on a hidden attractor chaos system and the Knuth–Durstenfeld algorithm

In the paper, a novel image encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operations and chaotic systems is proposed. The encryption architecture of permutation and diffusion is adopted. Firstly, 256-bit hash value of the plain image is gotten to calculate the initial values and system parameters of the 2D Logistic-adjusted-Sine map (2D-LASM) and a new 1D chaotic system; thus, the encryption scheme highly depends on the original image. Next, the chaotic sequences from 2D-LASM are used to produce the DNA encoding/decoding rule matrix, and the plain image is encoded into a DNA matrix according to it. Thirdly, DNA level row permutation and column permutation are performed on the DNA matrix of the original image, inter-DNA-plane permutation and intra-DNA-plane permutation can be attained simultaneously, and then, DNA XOR operation is performed on the permutated DNA matrix using a DNA key matrix, and the key matrix is produced by the combination of two 1D chaotic systems. Finally, after decoding the confused DNA matrix, the cipher image is obtained. Experimental results and security analyses demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only has good encryption effect, but also is secure enough to resist against the known attacks.

A novel image encryption scheme based on DNA sequence operations and chaotic systems

An image encryption scheme based on three-dimensional Brownian motion and chaotic system

A novel and efficient image encryption algorithm based on the chaotic system and S-boxes is introduced in this paper, in which an original S-box is produced by linear fractional transformation (LFT) on Galois field of order 256, and then a set of S-boxes are obtained by performing zigzag confusion on the original S-box. The encryption architecture of forward substitution process (FSP) and reverse substitution process (RSP) is adopted. For each pixel of the plain image, a corresponding element in a certain S-box is chosen, and the choosing process of the S-box and element depends on two random numbers, the plain image pixel and the previous cipher pixel. Moreover, 2D---LASM is used to generate the random numbers, and its initial values and system parameter are computed by the SHA 256 hash of the plain image and the given values. Therefore, the proposed scheme has highly relationship with the original image and it can resist known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks. Besides, correlated chaos and correlated substitution are used to improve the security level. Experiment results and security analyses demonstrate that the proposed image encryption algorithm is secure and efficient.

A novel image encryption algorithm based on LFT based S-boxes and chaos

The invention relates to a color image encryption method based on Latin square scrambling. Plaintext keys r1, g1 and b1 are calculated through utilization of R, G and B components of a color plaintextimage, an initial value and a parameter obtained through calculation based on the keys are substituted into a chaotic system, and three groups of chaotic sequences are generated; the chaotic sequences for scrambling and diffusion are selected through utilization of a chaotic sequence selection mechanism based on the plaintext and digital arrangement; and a final ciphertext image is obtained through adoption of a block scrambling policy based on a Latin square and the chaotic sequences, and diffusion operation based on the plaintext and a scrambled image. The encryption method is closely related to the plaintext, so the plaintext attack resistance is improved. The employed chaotic system is an improved chaotic system, a chaotic characteristic is good, the randomness is high and a key spaceis great, so a security level is further improved. A simulation result and safety analysis show that according to the encryption provided by the invention, an image complete encryption demand can besatisfied, the encryption efficiency is high, and the robustness is high.

Color image encryption method based on Latin square scrambling

The invention provides an image encryption method based on a 3D orthogonal Latin square and a chaotic system. The method comprises the steps of 1, preprocessing a plaintext image P to obtain a preprocessed image P2; wherein the preprocessing comprises the steps that a 4D memristor chaotic system is utilized to generate a random number sequence according to the information entropy of the plaintextimage P, the random number sequence is embedded into the plaintext image P to obtain an embedded image P1, and letter XOR operation is carried out on the embedded image P1; 2, generating a 3D orthogonal Latin party according to the index sequence and the control parameters; and step 3, converting the preprocessed image P2 into a 3D bit matrix, and performing scrambling operation and diffusion operation on the 3D bit matrix by using the 3D orthogonal Latin method to obtain a ciphertext image corresponding to the plaintext image P. The method solves the problems that a scrambling method is invalid for special image scrambling and low in algorithm efficiency, is highly sensitive to plaintext images, can effectively resist known plaintext and selected plaintext attacks, and has high safety performance.

Ke Yuan

Papers

A novel image encryption scheme based on DNA sequence operations and chaotic systems

An image encryption scheme based on three-dimensional Brownian motion and chaotic system

A novel image encryption algorithm based on LFT based S-boxes and chaos

Color image encryption method based on Latin square scrambling

Image encryption method based on 3D orthogonal Latin square and chaotic system