Surgical instruments and end effectors therefor are disclosed. In various implementations, the surgical instrument includes a surgical end effector (4120) that comprises a lower jaw (4104) and an upper jaw (4020) that are supported for movable travel toward and away from each other. The instrument may further include a firing member (4610) that is operably supported for selective operable travel within the surgical end effector. The instrument may also include a first jaw closure system (200) that operably interfaces with the lower jaw and is configured to selectively move the lower jaw relative to the upper jaw. A second jaw closure system (4110) operably interfaces with the upper jaw and is configured to selectively move the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw. A firing system operably interfaces with the firing member and is configured to apply firing motions to the firing member to move the firing member within the end effector.

Surgical cutting and stapling instruments with independent jaw control features

This paper presents an overview of the potential of free space optical technology in information security, encryption, and authentication. Optical waveform posses many degrees of freedom such as amplitude, phase, polarization, spectral content, and multiplexing which can be combined in different ways to make the information encoding more secure. This paper reviews optical techniques for encryption and security of two-dimensional and three-dimensional data. Interferometric methods are used to record and retrieve data by either optical or digital holography for security applications. Digital holograms are widely used in recording and processing three dimensional data, and are attractive for securing three dimensional data. Also, we review optical authentication techniques applied to ID tags with visible and near infrared imaging. A variety of images and signatures, including biometrics, random codes, and primary images can be combined in an optical ID tag for security and authentication.

Optical Techniques for Information Security

An ink-jet recording head includes a discharge-port portion including a first discharge-port portion continuing from a discharge port, and a second discharge-port portion communicating the first discharge-port portion with a bubble generation chamber. The second discharge-port portion has an end surface that includes a border portion bordering the first discharge-port portion and is parallel to a main surface of an element substrate. The cross-sectional area of the second discharge-port portion, anywhere from an opening surface facing the bubble generation chamber to an end surface facing the first discharge-port portion, that is parallel to the main surface of the element substrate, is larger than the area of the border portion. The cross section of the opening surface of the second discharge-port portion has a length in a direction perpendicular to an arrangement direction of the discharge ports that is greater than its length in a direction parallel to the arrangement direction.

Ink jet recording head

A liquid-ejecting head includes a channel which is in communication with a nozzle opening and which includes a pressure-generating chamber, a circulation channel that serves to circulate a liquid in the channel, and a pressure generator that serves to generate pressure change. The circulation channel has a narrow portion including a first wall and a second wall, the first wall tilting with respect to a forward direction of a liquid flows and serving to gradually decrease the cross-sectional area, the second wall tilting with respect to the flow direction and serving to gradually increase the cross-sectional area. The tilt angle of the first wall with respect to the inner surface of the circulation channel is larger than the tilt angle of the second wall with respect to the inner surface of the circulation channel at the downstream side.

Liquid ejecting head and liquid ejecting apparatus

Optical data storage has had a major impact on daily life since its introduction to the market in 1982. Compact discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVDs), and Blu-ray discs (BDs) are universal data-storage formats with the advantage that the reading and writing of the digital data does not require contact and is therefore wear-free. These formats allow convenient and fast data access, high transfer rates, and electricity-free data storage with low overall archiving costs. The driving force for development in this area is the constant need for increased data-storage capacity and transfer rate. The use of holographic principles for optical data storage is an elegant way to increase the storage capacity and the transfer rate, because by this technique the data can be stored in the volume of the storage material and, moreover, it can be optically processed in parallel. This Review describes the fundamental requirements for holographic data-storage materials and compares the general concepts for the materials used. An overview of the performance of current read-write devices shows how far holographic data storage has already been developed.

From the surface to volume: concepts for the next generation of optical-holographic data-storage materials.

We describe a coaxial holographic recording system for achieving high recording density. We implement several techniques, such as an objective lens with high numerical aperture (NA), high capacity page data format, a random binary phase mask, and an optical noise reduction element. Our system successfully realizes a hologram recording/retrieving at a low diffraction efficiency less than 2.0×10-3 and achieves a raw data density of 180 Gbit/in.2, thus demonstrating the potential of a coaxial holographic system for high-density optical storage systems.

Improved performance in coaxial holographic data recording

We investigated the capability and tolerance of the optical collinear system by numerical simulation. Using Fourier optics, the simulation can calculate the hologram pixel image intensity distribution, the corresponding signal-to-noise-ratio and its histogram. For holographic data storage using the optical collinear system, we presented and we discussed the medium position and the medium thickness dependency, the medium displacement in the x-, and the z-directions during the hologram recording process, and the recording wavelength shift.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.45.1246/pdf

Simulation of Holographic Data Storage for the Optical Collinear System

A super resolution has been achieved in the magneto-optical disk using an exchange-coupled multilayer film. Two types of magnetically induced super resolution, front aperture detection and rear aperture detection have been successfully investigated. A high C/N of more than 42 dB is obtained experimentally for a mark length of 0.3 micrometers which is much shorter than the resolution limit expected from the conventional diffraction theory.

Magnetically induced super resolution in a novel magneto-optical disk

An external-cavity laser with a wavelength of 405 nm and an output of 80 mW has been developed for holographic data storage. The laser has three states: the first is a perfect single mode, whose coherent length is 14 m; the second is a three-mode state with a coherent length of 3 mm; and the third is a six-mode state with a coherent length of 0.3 mm. The first and second states are available for angular-multiplexing recording; all states are available for coaxial multiplexing recording. Due to its short wavelength, the recording density is higher than that of a 532 nm laser.

Littrow-type external-cavity blue laser for holographic data storage

In this paper, we report a new method of increasing the temperature tolerance of holographic recording media using a wavelength tunable laser. Of all holographic media, photopolymer media are particularly sensitive to temperature, thus some methods are required to maintain a low bit-error ratio (BER) as temperature changes. We demonstrate here how to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as temperature changes using a wavelength tunable blue external cavity laser diode (ECLD) currently under development. For comparison, we analyze the temperature tolerance by a angle-tuning method and a wavelength-tuning method. We have focused that a hybrid of wavelength-tuning and angle-tuning method, we can read out the full of the image at 60°C, which is +30°C above the recording temperature. Moreover, we propose a recording method that allows the wavelength to be adjusted to the temperature changes. By adjusting the wavelength linearly to the temperature changes during recording, we can read out the holograms recorded at different temperatures using the wavelength corresponding to the readout temperature.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.45.1297/pdf

Kenjiro Watanabe

Papers

Improved performance in coaxial holographic data recording

Simulation of Holographic Data Storage for the Optical Collinear System

Magnetically induced super resolution in a novel magneto-optical disk

Littrow-type external-cavity blue laser for holographic data storage

Improvement in Temperature Tolerance of Holographic Data Storage Using Wavelength Tunable Laser