Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.

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Optical coherence tomography

Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

/pdf/plasmonics-fundamentals-and-applications-4syb9877sr.pdf

Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. New degrees of freedom are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction phenomena are observed in this regime in optically thin arrays of metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the interface, which are in excellent agreement with generalized laws derived from Fermat’s principle. Phase discontinuities provide great flexibility in the design of light beams, as illustrated by the generation of optical vortices through use of planar designer metallic interfaces.

http://www.zenogaburro.it/papers/LightPropagation.pdf

Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction

Recent developments have greatly improved the sensitivity of optical sensors based on metal nanoparticle arrays and single nanoparticles. We introduce the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor and describe how its exquisite sensitivity to size, shape and environment can be harnessed to detect molecular binding events and changes in molecular conformation. We then describe recent progress in three areas representing the most significant challenges: pushing sensitivity towards the single-molecule detection limit, combining LSPR with complementary molecular identification techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and practical development of sensors and instrumentation for routine use and high-throughput detection. This review highlights several exceptionally promising research directions and discusses how diverse applications of plasmonic nanoparticles can be integrated in the near future.

Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors

The effect of diffractive coupling on the collective plasmon line shape of linear arrays of Ag nanoparticles fabricated by electron beam lithography has been investigated using Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy. The array spectra exhibit an intricate multi-peak structure, including a narrow mode that gains strength for interparticle distances that are close to the single particle resonance wavelength. A version of the discrete dipole approximation method provides an excellent qualitative description of the observed behavior.

Controlling Plasmon Line Shapes through Diffractive Coupling in Linear Arrays of Cylindrical Nanoparticles Fabricated by Electron Beam Lithography

An intraocular lens assembly for implantation into a posterior eye chamber is provided having a central lens and an outer ring interconnected therewith. The assembly when implanted is operatively engaged by the ciliary muscle of the eye which causes changes in the focusing power of the lens in order to achieve accommodation.

Intraocular lens assemblies

We report laser diagnostic studies of capacitively coupled RF discharges containing 0.05-0.45-percent silane in argon. We probed positions between the plane-parallel electrodes by pulsed laser light scattering at several wavelengths. These spatial scans had a resolution of 0.25 mm and they showed unusual particle distributions which varied with silane mole fraction and gas-flow rates. Particle nucleation and growth kinetics were very well demonstrated over this range of discharge parameters. We also studied particle photophysics and demonstrated that ultraviolet pulsed lasers (251.4 and 266 nm) can form silicon atoms from laser-particle interactions. Atoms were formed in both ground and excited states with a concentration that depended linearly on laser energy. However, atoms were not formed by 354- or 532-nm excitation. Particle excitation by 354 nm at energies > 0.5 mJ created a long-time (>0.1 s) perturbation of the discharge chemistry which linearly increased the steady-state (10 Hz) light scattering with increasing 354-nm energy.

Particle Distributions and Laser-Particle Interactions in an RF Discharge of Silane

In this work, a detailed and systematic study of the plasmonic properties of a novel film over nanowell surface is investigated. These nanostructures are fabricated using nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching and structurally characterized by AFM and SEM. The resulting structures show remarkably narrow plasmon bands in reflectance spectra (as little as 0.10 eV) and greater sensitivity to external dielectric environment than has been seen in other nanoparticle systems, resulting in an improvement in the figure of merit (FOM = refractive index sensitivity (eV·RIU-1)/full width at half-maximum (eV)) for refractive index sensing. Theoretical modeling for the plasmon spectra of these nanostructures is done using discrete dipole approximation code under periodic boundary conditions. The modeling results match the measurements accurately in aspects of the variation of the plasmon line shape with altering internanowell distance and dielectric environment.

Plasmonic properties of film over nanowell surfaces fabricated by nanosphere lithography

A method for imaging with visible and near-visible light inside media, such as tissues, which have strong light scattering is described. The chrono-coherent imaging (CCI) method is demonstrated for a transmission geometry where an absorbing object is completely hidden from normal visual observation by scattered light. The resultant images are most similar to X-rays, with cumulative transmission showing absorption features and refractive index differences in the media. Laser coherence properties, coherence measurements, the relation of CCI to light-in-flight holography, holographic film properties relevant to CCI, a particular optical setup for CCI, the results of a demonstration experiment imaging an absorbing object hidden by light scattering, and an experiment to estimate the clinical applicability of CCI are discussed. >

Kenneth G. Spears

Papers

Controlling Plasmon Line Shapes through Diffractive Coupling in Linear Arrays of Cylindrical Nanoparticles Fabricated by Electron Beam Lithography

Intraocular lens assemblies

Particle Distributions and Laser-Particle Interactions in an RF Discharge of Silane

Plasmonic properties of film over nanowell surfaces fabricated by nanosphere lithography

Chrono-coherent imaging for medicine