世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

THIS paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harmful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighbouring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the far' ory, in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in The Economics of Welfare. The conclusions to which this kind of analyris seems to have led most economists is that it would be desirable to make the owner of the factory liable for the damage caused to those injured by the smoke, or alternatively, to place a tax on the factory owner varying with the amount of smoke produced and equivalent in money terms to the damage it would cause, or finally, to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other

闡釋《社會成本問題》[The Problem of Social Cost]

The Theory of Incentives I: The Principal-Agent Model

This paper is one of the first to offer a comprehensive analysis of the impact of green finance related policies in China, utilizing text analysis and panel data from 290 cities between 2011 and 2018. Employing the Semi-parametric Difference-in-Differences (SDID) we show that overall China's green finance related policies have led to a significant reduction in industrial gas emissions in the review period. Additionally, we found that Fintech development contributes to the depletion of sulphur dioxide emissions and has a positive impact on environmental protection investment initiatives. China is poised to be a global leader in green finance policy implementation and regulators need to accelerate the formulation of green finance products and enhance the capacity of financial institutions to offer green credit. While minimizing the systemic risk fintech poses, policy makers should encourage fintechs to actively participate in environmental protection initiatives that promote green consumption.

Green finance, fintech and environmental protection: Evidence from China

Women's land rights as a pathway to poverty reduction: Framework and review of available evidence

Formalization without certification? Experimental evidence on property rights and investment.

This paper presents early evidence from the first large-scale randomized-controlled trial of a land formalization program. The study examines the links between land demarcation and investment in rural Benin in light of a model of agricultural production under insecure tenure. The demarcation process involved communities in the mapping and attribution of land rights; cornerstones marked parcel boundaries and offered lasting landmarks. Consistent with the model, improved tenure security under demarcation induces a shift toward long-term investment on treated parcels. This investment does not yet coincide with gains in agricultural productivity. The analysis also identifies significant gender-specific effects. Female-managed landholdings in treated villages are more likely to be left fallow—an important soil fertility investment. Women further respond to an exogenous tenure security change by moving production away from relatively secure, demarcated land and toward less secure land outside the village to guard those parcels.

/pdf/formalizing-rural-land-rights-in-west-africa-early-evidence-1y6gtcmyc5.pdf

Formalizing rural land rights in West Africa : early evidence from a randomized impact evaluation in Benin

The difference-in-differences estimator measures the effect of a treatment or policy intervention by comparing change over time of the outcome variable across treatment groups. To interpret the estimate as a causal effect, this strategy requires that, in the absence of the treatment, the outcome variable followed the same trend in treated and untreated groups. This assumption may be implausible if selection for treatment is correlated with characteristics that affect the dynamic of the outcome variable. In this article, I describe the command asdid, which implements the semiparametric difference-in-differences (SDID) estimator of Abadie (2005, Review of Economic Studies 72: 1–19). The SDID is a reweighing technique that addresses the imbalance of characteristics between treated and untreated groups. Hence, it makes the parallel trend assumption more credible. In addition, the SDID estimator allows the use of covariates to describe how the average effect of the treatment varies for different groups of the treated population

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X1601600213

Abadie's semiparametric difference-in-differences estimator

https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers20-07/010078195.pdf

Do forest-management plans and FSC certification help avoid deforestation in the Congo Basin ?

Many countries are formalizing customary land rights systems with the aim of improving agricultural productivity and facilitating community forest management. This paper evaluates the impact on tree cover loss of the first randomized control trial of such a program. Around 70,000 landholdings were demarcated and registered in randomly chosen villages in Benin, a country with a high rate of deforestation driven by demand for agricultural land. We estimate that the program reduced the area of forest loss in treated villages, with no evidence of anticipatory deforestation or negative spillovers to other areas. Surveys indicate that possible mechanisms include an increase in tenure security and an improvement in the effectiveness of community forest management. Overall, our results suggest that formalizing customary land rights in rural areas can be an effective way to reduce forest loss while improving agricultural investments.

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/6/26/eabb6914.full.pdf

Kenneth Houngbedji

Papers

Formalization without certification? Experimental evidence on property rights and investment.

Formalizing rural land rights in West Africa : early evidence from a randomized impact evaluation in Benin

Abadie's semiparametric difference-in-differences estimator

Do forest-management plans and FSC certification help avoid deforestation in the Congo Basin ?

Formalizing land rights can reduce forest loss: Experimental evidence from Benin.