N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

Solid-state electrolytes are attracting increasing interest for electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this Review, we provide a background overview and discuss the state of the art, ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolyte materials of interest for energy storage applications. We focus on recent advances in various classes of battery chemistries and systems that are enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and emerging solid-electrolyte lithium batteries that feature cathodes with liquid or gaseous active materials (for example, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine systems). A low-cost, safe, aqueous electrochemical energy storage concept with a ‘mediator-ion’ solid electrolyte is also discussed. Advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes would revitalize the rechargeable battery field because of their safety, excellent stability, long cycle lives and low cost. However, great effort will be needed to implement solid-electrolyte batteries as viable energy storage systems. In this context, we discuss the main issues that must be addressed, such as achieving acceptable ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and mechanical properties of the solid electrolytes, as well as a compatible electrolyte/electrode interface. This Review details recent advances in battery chemistries and systems enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine batteries, as well as an aqueous battery concept with a mediator-ion solid electrolyte.

Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytes

The state-of-the-art of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes operating at a typical temperature of 80 °C. Some of the key issues and shortcomings of the PFSA-based PEMFC technology are briefly discussed. These include water management, CO poisoning, hydrogen, reformate and methanol as fuels, cooling, and heat recovery. As a means to solve these shortcomings, high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes for operation above 100 °C are under active development. This treatise is devoted to a review of the area encompassing modified PFSA membranes, alternative sulfonated polymer and their composite membranes, and acid−base complex membranes. PFSA membranes have been modified by swelling with nonvolatile solvents and preparing composites with hydrophilic oxides and solid proton conductors. DMFC and H2/O2(air) cells based on modified PFSA membranes have been successfully operated at temperatures up to 120 °C under ambient pressure...

/pdf/approaches-and-recent-development-of-polymer-electrolyte-1glbhokzz9.pdf

Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C

The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function

http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~jmfent/membrane%20review%201.pdf

Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers

Quadrupolar echo deuteron magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ordered hydrocarbon chains

Solid-State Li NMR with Applications to the Translational Dynamics in Ion Conductors

A flow-sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging technique was applied to measure directly the in-vivo water flow in 6-d-old castor bean seedlings. The achieved in-plane resolution of the technique allowed discrimination between xylem and phloem water flow. Both the xylem- and the phloem-average flow velocities in the intact seedling could be quantified. Furthermore, the total conductive cross-sectional area of the xylem vessels and the phloem sieve elements could be determined using the non-invasive and non-destructive NMR microimaging technique. Hence, it was possible to calculate the in-vivo volume flow rates for both xylem and phloem water flow. Our non-destructive technique showed that previously used methods to measure phloem water flow affected the flow rate itself. In the intact seedlings we found values of 16.6 μl·h−1, two fold lower than those previously estimated from phloem exudation rates. Finally, our results demonstrate for the first time that water is internally circulated between phloem and xylem, and that water flow within the xylem is maintained by this internally circulated water, even in the absence of any significant transpiration or evaporation.

A non-invasive measurement of phloem and xylem water flow in castor bean seedlings by nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging

7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) linewidths and spin–lattice relaxation times for poly(propylene‐glycol) complexed with a range of concentrations of LiCF3SO3 are reported over the temperature region from 205 to 405 K. Calculations suggest that the spin–lattice relaxation mechanism is caused by the interaction between the 7Li (I=3/2) quadrupole moment and fluctuations in the surrounding electric field gradients, whereas the line shapes are influenced by both the dipolar and quadrupolar interactions. The motional parameters reported indicate that ion–polymer or ion–ion interactions are important in determining the Li+ cation mobilities. This is reflected in the lengthening of the correlation time with increase in Li+ ion concentration which suggests a decreased mobility for the cations resulting from a transient coordination of the cation to the polymer matrix or ion aggregation. Also, the activation energies in this study (∼0.24 eV) are in agreement with values obtained from recent pulsed field gradient studies suggesting that the NMR techniques employed in this study are approriate methods for probing the dynamics of ion transport on a macroscopic scale in these materials.

Kenneth R. Jeffrey

Papers

Quadrupolar echo deuteron magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ordered hydrocarbon chains

Solid-State Li NMR with Applications to the Translational Dynamics in Ion Conductors

A non-invasive measurement of phloem and xylem water flow in castor bean seedlings by nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging

A 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance study of LiCF3SO3 complexed in poly(propylene‐glycol)

Proton conducting gel/H3PO4 electrolytes