https://www.ibstreatmentcenter.com/Articles/ROMEIIIFBDpaper.pdf

Functional Bowel Disorders

There is increasing, but largely indirect, evidence pointing to an effect of commensal gut microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus could have a direct effect on neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS in normal, healthy animals. GABA is the main CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter and is significantly involved in regulating many physiological and psychological processes. Alterations in central GABA receptor expression are implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression, which are highly comorbid with functional bowel disorders. In this work, we show that chronic treatment with L. rhamnosus (JB-1) induced region-dependent alterations in GABAB1b mRNA in the brain with increases in cortical regions (cingulate and prelimbic) and concomitant reductions in expression in the hippocampus, amygdala, and locus coeruleus, in comparison with control-fed mice. In addition, L. rhamnosus (JB-1) reduced GABAAα2 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, but increased GABAAα2 in the hippocampus. Importantly, L. rhamnosus (JB-1) reduced stress-induced corticosterone and anxiety- and depression-related behavior. Moreover, the neurochemical and behavioral effects were not found in vagotomized mice, identifying the vagus as a major modulatory constitutive communication pathway between the bacteria exposed to the gut and the brain. Together, these findings highlight the important role of bacteria in the bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis and suggest that certain organisms may prove to be useful therapeutic adjuncts in stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/38/16050.full.pdf

Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve.

A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system known as the gut–brain axis integrates the activities of the intestine and the brain. In this Progress article, Collins, Surette and Bercik describe recent evidence suggesting that the intestinal microbiota is intimately connected with the gut–brain axis and can influence animal behaviour, development and health. The intestinal microbiota consists of a vast bacterial community that resides primarily in the lower gut and lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, known as the gut–brain axis, integrates the host gut and brain activities. Here, we describe the recent advances in our understanding of how the intestinal microbiota communicates with the brain via this axis to influence brain development and behaviour. We also review how this extended communication system might influence a broad spectrum of diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, psychiatric disorders and demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis.

The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain

Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis.

There is growing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Intestinal disorders include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and coeliac disease, while extra-intestinal disorders include allergy, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.

/pdf/dysbiosis-of-the-gut-microbiota-in-disease-59sbxfls39.pdf

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(04)02155-9/pdf

Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles

Novel methods of determining efficacy of a treatment of inflammatory diseases of the bowel in mammals are provided. The methods are of use in screening and determining the efficacy of treatments of inflammatory diseases of the bowel, and for determining the efficacy response of individual sufferers of inflammatory diseases of the bowel to a given regime. Kits for carrying out the method are also provided.

Methods of determining efficacy of treatments of inflammatory diseases of the bowel

Methods of determining efficacy of treatments of diseases of the bowel

L'invention concerne de nouvelles methodes permettant d'evaluer l'efficacite d'un traitement contre les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin chez des mammiferes. Les methodes selon l'invention sont utilisees dans le criblage et dans l'evaluation de l'efficacite d'un traitement contre les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin, et dans l'evaluation de l'efficacite de la reaction d'individus souffrant de maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin a un regime donne. L'invention concerne egalement des kits destines a mettre en oeuvre lesdites methodes.

Ker-Sang Chen

Papers

Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles

Methods of determining efficacy of treatments of inflammatory diseases of the bowel

Methods of determining efficacy of treatments of diseases of the bowel

Methodes permettant d'evaluer l'efficacite de traitements contre les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin