-phenylenevinylene)s L4. Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers L4.1. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Rich MoietiesM4.2. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Deﬁcient MoietiesN4.3. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent ComplexesQ5. Carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1. Poly(2,7-carbazole)-Based Polymers R5.2. Indolo[3,2-

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/6508/1/000271856900020.pdf

Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications

Polyaniline: a polymer with many interesting intrinsic redox states

Conducting polymers prepared by oxidative polymerization: polyaniline

Over the last five years, organic photovoltaic devices have emerged as a new competitor to silicon-based solar cells. In particular, the bulk heterojunction architecture (BHJ), in which the photoactive layer consists of a bicontinuous blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, has allowed power conversion efficiencies around 8%. We will present in this review the latest conjugated polymers used in such BHJ solar cells. We will mainly focus on electron-donating (p-type) polymers based on thiophenes, 1,3,2-benzodiathiazoles, pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-diones, benzo[1,2-b;3,4-b]dithiophenes, and few other materials with more exotic structures. This review should be helpful to evaluate which are the most promising materials and where this research field is going in the years to come.

Processable Low-Bandgap Polymers for Photovoltaic Applications†

Processible conjugated polymers: from organic semiconductors to organic metals and superconductors

Thermal transitions and mechanical properties of films of chemically prepared polyaniline

Electrochemical polymerization of thiophenes in the presence of bithiophene or terthiophene: kinetics and mechanism of the polymerization

Thermal characteristics of chemically synthesized polyaniline with various dopants have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), and chemical titration. The HCl-doped polyaniline shows three major weight losses at around 100, 200, and 500°C which are assigned to removal of H2O and HCl, and decomposition of the polymer, respectively. Thermal aging of the HCl-doped polyaniline performed at 100, 150, and 200°C for various periods of time results in a decrease in conductivity. After the thermal treatments, the polymer can be re-doped with HCl to partially recover the conductivity. However, both the conductivity and the doping level cannot be restored to the level of the original materials owing probably to changes in morphology, crosslinking, or other chemical reactions.

Thermal analysis of chemically synthesized polyaniline and effects of thermal aging on conductivity

A new synthetic method for the preparation of electrically conductive polyaniline and alkyl ring-substituted polyanilines is presented, in which a small amount of aromatic additives is introduced into both chemical and electrochemical polymerization systems. In the presence of the additives, such as p-aminodiphenylamine, benzidine, and p-phenoxyaniline, the rate of polyaniline formation increases greatly; and lower applied potentials, e.g., 0.55 V vs SCE, or milder oxidants, e.g., O{sub 2}, can be effectively employed in the polymerization. All of these additives have lower oxidation potentials than the aniline monomers and at least one sterically accessible aromatic amino group which allow their incorporation into polymer chains as a part of the structural backbones. In contrast, addition of N,N-diphenylamine or hydroquinone to the polymerization system reduces the rate of polymer formation. The results are consistent with the proposed mechanism of polymerization.

Polymerization of aniline and alkyl ring-substituted anilines in the presence of aromatic additives

We present the first study of the chemical interconversion between leucoemeraldine and emeraldine bases of polyaniline in relation to the molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). Electronic absorption spectroscopy and GPC were employed to monitor the changes in the oxidation state and MW of the polyaniline, soluble in NMP during the redox reactions. The MW and MWD of polyaniline were found to change drastically when the redox reactions were performed with the polymers in the solid phase while relatively little when the reactions were carried out with the polymers in the solution phase

Kesyin F. Hsueh

Papers

Thermal transitions and mechanical properties of films of chemically prepared polyaniline

Electrochemical polymerization of thiophenes in the presence of bithiophene or terthiophene: kinetics and mechanism of the polymerization

Thermal analysis of chemically synthesized polyaniline and effects of thermal aging on conductivity

Polymerization of aniline and alkyl ring-substituted anilines in the presence of aromatic additives

A study of leucoemeraldine and effect of redox reactions on molecular weight of chemically prepared polyaniline