THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Elastography: A Quantitative Method for Imaging the Elasticity of Biological Tissues

Resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a major problem facing current cancer research. The mechanisms of resistance to 'classical' cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and to therapies that are designed to be selective for specific molecular targets share many features, such as alterations in the drug target, activation of prosurvival pathways and ineffective induction of cell death. With the increasing arsenal of anticancer agents, improving preclinical models and the advent of powerful high-throughput screening techniques, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through the clinical assessment of rational therapeutic drug combinations and the use of predictive biomarkers to enable patient stratification.

Cancer drug resistance: an evolving paradigm

A method has been developed for detecting and imaging the relative "stiffness," or elasticity of tissues. Externally applied vibration at low frequencies (10-1000 Hz) is used to induce oscillations within soft tissues, and the motion is detected by Doppler ultrasound. The results are displayed in a format resembling conventional Doppler color flow mapping, and are termed "sonoelasticity images." Preliminary experiments indicate that these novel images may be useful for detecting hard tumors in the prostate, liver, breast, and other organs.

“Sonoelasticity” images derived from ultrasound signals in mechanically vibrated tissues

The goal of "sonoelasticity imaging" is to differentiate between normal soft tissues and hard lesions. This is done by measuring and then displaying the ultrasound Doppler spectrum of regions within tissues which are mechanically forced with low frequency (20-1000 Hz) vibrations. The resolution and sensitivity of the technique ultimately rest on the spatial resolution of ultrasound Doppler detection, the low frequency mechanical properties of tissues, and the vibration response of layered, inhomogeneous regions with hard tumor inclusions and complicated boundary conditions set by the presence of skin, bones and other regions. An initial investigation has measured some tissue stiffness parameters, and applied these in a NASTRAN finite element analysis to simulate a prostate tumor in the pelvic cavity. The measurements show a wide separation between the elastic modulus of tumors and soft tissues such as muscle and prostate. NASTRAN analyses show the ability to delineate regions of different elasticity based on the pattern of vibration amplitudes. The ability to change vibration frequency within the 100-300 Hz band seems particularly helpful in simulations and experiments which visualize small stiff inclusions in tissues. Preliminary results support the postulate that sonoelasticity imaging can provide useful information concerning tissue properties that are not otherwise obtainable.

Tissue response to mechanical vibrations for “sonoelasticity imaging”

Recently, a number of methods have been developed that make it possible to image the elastic properties of soft tissues. Because certain types of tissues such as malignant lesions, for example, have elastic properties that are markedly different from surrounding tissues, elasticity imaging could provide a significant adjunct to current diagnostic ultrasonic methods. Further, elasticity imaging techniques could be used to augment the study of tissues that change their elastic properties, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. In this paper, we survey some of the previous work done in the related field of biomechanics, and we review measurement techniques from the 1950s to the 1980s. Different approaches to elastic imaging and signal processing are then discussed and a lexicography for elastic imaging is introduced. It is hoped that this nomenclature will provide a meaningful categorization of various approaches and will make evident the inherent parameters displayed and conditions applied in deriving the resulting images. Key assumptions and signal processing approaches are also reviewed. Finally, directions for future work are suggested.

Imaging of the elastic properties of tissue-a review

After 20 years of innovation in techniques that specifically image the biomechanical properties of tissue, the evolution of elastographic imaging can be viewed from its infancy, through a proliferation of approaches to the problem to incorporation on research and then clinical imaging platforms. Ultimately this activity has culminated in clinical trials and improved care for patients. This remarkable progression represents a leading example of translational research that begins with fundamentals of science and engineering and progresses to needed improvements in diagnostic and monitoring capabilities applied to major categories of disease, surgery and interventional procedures. This review summarizes the fundamental principles, the timeline of developments in major categories of elastographic imaging, and concludes with recent results from clinical trials and forward-looking issues.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/56/1/R01/pdf

Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: the 20 year perspective.

We review the field of contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. The progress in the development of various classes of contrast agents such as free and encapsulated gas bubbles, colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and aqueous solutions is described. The mechanisms for production of backscatter contrast, as well as attenuation contrast and speed of sound contrast are explained. Finally, the potential advantages and disadvantages of various classes of contrast agents are compared.

Kevin J. Parker

Papers

“Sonoelasticity” images derived from ultrasound signals in mechanically vibrated tissues

Tissue response to mechanical vibrations for “sonoelasticity imaging”

Imaging of the elastic properties of tissue-a review

Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: the 20 year perspective.

Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound.