Metal nanoparticles synthesis using the biological material offers a simple, biocompatible, cost-effective and nontoxic in character. A number of plant materials have been utilized as resource material for the most favorable biosynthesis of active nanomaterials. This study involves the synthesis of active silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the Carissa carandas (Karonda) berry water extract at room temperature. The nanoparticles characterized at several parameters including shape, size, mass and charge with help of electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transforms IR (FTIR), UV-VIS spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy which proved the efficient silver nanoparticles to be useful in several practical applications. The UV-visible spectra showed the surface plasmon resonance peak at ~440 nm, which is weel recognized attribute peak in case of silver nanoparticles. Avarage size of the biogenic silver nanoparticles ranged from ~10–60 nm, predominantly spherical in shape. The suggested possible mechanisms for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles relies on reduction of AgNO3 due to occurrence of carinol (and related resonant compounds) in the berry extract with inductive effect of the proton of methoxy and allyl groups, present at ortho and para positions of the compounds. The biologically synthesized Ag NPs also showed efficient antibacterial activity against different pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria at par with the generic antibiotics.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Carissa carandas berries and its potential antibacterial activities

Preliminary phytochemical and gas chromatography– mass spectrometry study of one medicinal plant Carissa carandas

In chemotherapy for tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer and stress conditions the immune system are impaired and suppressed. In such situations the effect of adaptogenic phytoconstituents are essential for healthy blood to support optimal oxygen carrying capacity which is important for stamina. The aim of this review is to bring together most of the available scientific research related to adaptogens, those are plant-derived biologically active substances. Adaptogens are the substances that appear to induce a state of non-specific increase of resistance of the organism to diverse assaults that threaten internal homeostasis and improve physical endurance. Supplementation with various plant materials which are the source of vitamins, acids, minerals and other phytoconstituents has been evaluated for their adaptogenic activity during exposure to a stressful environment. This review has been compiled using references from major databases such as Chemical Abstracts, Science Direct, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, SciFinder, PubMed, Dr. Duke′s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Nature is a rich source of biological and chemical diversity and a number of plants in the world have been used in traditional medicine remedies. This work constitutes a literature review on medicinal plants with its chemical constituents showing adaptogenic properties. Various medicinal plants with its phytochemical constituentsareshowing adaptogenic properties and it is used during chemotherapy in which the immune system are impaired and suppressed.

Adaptogenic medicinal plants utilized for strengthening the power of resistance during chemotherapy–a review

Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) belongs to Apocynaceae family and is one of the important, minor underexploited fruit crop. It is originated in India with chromosome number 2n = 22. It is popularly known as “Bengal currant” or “Christ’s Thorn”. There are about 30 species in the genus Carissa being native of tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, Australia and China (Arif et al., 2016). Karonda is suitable for growing throughout subtropical and tropical climatic zones of India. Major natural areas of occurrence of karonda have been observed in the states of Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (Singh et al., 2014).It is very hardy shrub, flourishes well on lands with high temperatures and wide range of soils. It also grows successfully on marginal and wastelands. Seeds are recalcitrant and are relatively high in moisture content and possess a characteristic feature of losing their viability within 4-5 weeks. Hence, seeds of karonda should be sown just after International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 12 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Effect of Seed Treatments on Seedling Growth of Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cv. Local

This study appraises functional and pharmacological attributes and phenolic bioactive compounds profile of various solvent (distilled H2O, 50% C2H5OH, 100% n-hexane, 100% ethyl acetate, 100% CH3OH, 100% chloroform) extracts from fruits and leaves of Natal plum (Carissa grandiflora). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was analyzed by the determinations of total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Additionally, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and individual phenolics composition of the tested extracts were also investigated. The experimental results revealed that the highest percent bioactive compounds extract yield (35.01%) was obtained from fruits with 50% distilled water while lowest (7.2%) from leaves with chloroform. The tested fruit extracts exhibited better antioxidant activity as compared to leaves extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in various solvents extracts of fruit and leaves varied from 8.7–143.08, 3.1–96.02 GAE (mg/g) and 6.52–62, 3.6–28.84 CE DW (mg/g) while the levels of total individual phenolic compounds, identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, were 400–3500 and 600–4500 mg/g, respectively. Pure (100%) methanolic extract from leaves showed highest activity (10.11 mm inhibition zone diameter) against B. subtilis whereas 50% ethanolic extract from fruits was most potent (8.56 mm) against E. coli. In case of anti-inflammatory activity, 100% CH3OH extract from leaves showed better activity followed by 100% ethyl acetate extract. The high anticancer activity was displayed by 100% chloroform extract from fruits (percent inhibition 89.16%; IC50 2.4 ± 0.09) against MCF-7 cell lines in MTT colorimetric assay. The solvents polarity-based differences were observed in terms of quantifiable yield and activities of the extracted bioactive compounds. In the light of present results, methanol and chloroform extracts from fruits and leaves of natal plum can be explored as potential sources of potent bioactive compounds for nutra-pharmaceutical developments.

Evaluation of effect of different solvent systems on functional and pharmacological properties of fruits and leaves extracts from natal plum

Carissa carandas Linn. (Karonda) a native plant of Indo-Malaysia is best known for its fruits, which contain about 75 percent juicy edible pulp. The acidic pulp is a common ingredient in culinary preparations such as condiments, curries, beverages, jams in countries where the plant grows naturally. The fruit is pickled in salt solution which is rich of minerals, acids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, peptides and sugars. Ripe fruit is full of acids and micro and macro nutrients which combine well with sugars, and used to prepare a variety of jam. It is now considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases and also for the development of some industrial products. The present review includes comprehensive information on the chemical constituents, traditional uses, pharmacological actions and nutraceutical values of raw material and processed products. Karonda is relatively a new item yet to explore the full potential and a fruit that needs promotion and publicity in the international markets.

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Khalid M

Papers

Carissa carandas Linn. (Karonda): An exotic minor plant fruit with immense value in nutraceuticaland pharmaceutical industries