1. Introduction 46372. Theoretical Methodologies and Simulation Tools 46402.1. Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry 46412.2. Molecular Dynamics 46422.2.1. Classical Molecular Dynamics and MonteCarlo Simulations46432.2.2. Empirical Valence Bond Models 46442.2.3. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) 46452.3. Poisson−Boltzmann Theory 46452.4. Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanical IonTransport Modeling46462.5. Dielectric Saturation 46473. Transport Mechanisms 46483.1. Proton Conduction Mechanisms 46483.1.1. Homogeneous Media 46483.1.2. Heterogeneous Systems (ConfinementEffects)46553.2. Mechanisms of Parasitic Transport 46613.2.1. Solvated Acidic Polymers 46613.2.2. Oxides 46654. Phenomenology of Transport inProton-Conducting Materials for Fuel-CellApplications46664.1. Hydrated Acidic Polymers 46664.2. PBI−H

/pdf/transport-in-proton-conductors-for-fuel-cell-applications-3gvrtpo4jv.pdf

Transport in proton conductors for fuel-cell applications: simulations, elementary reactions, and phenomenology.

Advanced functional polymer membranes

Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy

Nature’s photosynthesis uses the sun’s energy with chlorophyll in plants as a catalyst to recycle carbon dioxide and water into new plant life. Only given sufficient geological time can new fossil fuels be formed naturally. In contrast, chemical recycling of carbon dioxide from natural and industrial sources as well as varied human activities or even from the air itself to methanol or dimethyl ether (DME) and their varied products can be achieved via its capture and subsequent reductive hydrogenative conversion. The present Perspective reviews this new approach and our research in the field over the last 15 years. Carbon recycling represents a significant aspect of our proposed Methanol Economy. Any available energy source (alternative energies such as solar, wind, geothermal, and atomic energy) can be used for the production of needed hydrogen and chemical conversion of CO2. Improved new methods for the efficient reductive conversion of CO2 to methanol and/or DME that we have developed include bireformin...

/pdf/chemical-recycling-of-carbon-dioxide-to-methanol-and-8lhsh2jg05.pdf

Chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether: from greenhouse gas to renewable, environmentally carbon neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons.

Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Coal in the Industrial Revolution, and Beyond. Chapter 3: History of Oil and Natural Gas. Oil Extraction and Exploration. Natural Gas. Chapter 4: Fossil Fuel Resources and Uses. Coal. Oil. Tar Sands. Oil Shale. Natural Gas. Coalbed Methane. Tight Sands and Shales. Methane Hydrates. Outlook. Chapter 5: Diminishing Oil and Gas Reserves. Chapter 6: The Continuing Need for Hydrocarbons and their Products. Fractional Distillation. Thermal Cracking. Chapter 7: Fossil Fuels and Climate Change. Mitigation. Chapter 8: Renewable Energy Sources and Atomic Energy. Hydropower. Geothermal Energy. Wind Energy. Solar Energy: Photovoltaic and Thermal. Electricity from Photovoltaic Conversion. Solar Thermal Power for Electricity Production. Electric Power from Saline Solar Ponds. Solar Thermal Energy for Heating. Economic Limitations of Solar Energy. Biomass Energy. Electricity from Biomass. Liquid Biofuels. Ocean Energy: Thermal, Tidal, and Wave Power. Tidal Energy. Waves. Ocean Thermal Energy. Nuclear Energy. Energy from Nuclear Fission Reactions. Breeder Reactors. The Need for Nuclear Power. Economics. Safety. Radiation Hazards. Nuclear Byproducts and Waste. Emissions. Nuclear Power: An Energy Source for the Future. Nuclear Fusion. Future Outlook. Chapter 9: The Hydrogen Economy and its Limitations. The Discovery and Properties of Hydrogen. The Development of Hydrogen Energy. The Production and Uses of Hydrogen. Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels. Hydrogen from Biomass. Photobiological Water Cleavage. Water Electrolysis. Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy. The Challenge of Hydrogen Storage. Liquid Hydrogen. Compressed Hydrogen. Metal Hydrides and Solid Absorbents. Other Means of Hydrogen Storage. Hydrogen: Centralized or Decentralized Distribution? Safety of Hydrogen. Hydrogen in Transportation. Fuel Cells. History. Fuel Cell Efficiency. Hydrogen-Based Fuel Cells. PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation. Regenerative Fuel Cells. Outlook. Chapter 10: The "Methanol Economy": General Aspects. Chapter 11: Methanol as a Fuel and Energy Carrier. Properties and Historical Background. Present Uses of Methanol. Use of Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Transportation Fuels. Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel in the Past. Methanol as Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Diesel Fuels Substitute in Compression Ignition Engines. Biodiesel Fuel. Advanced Methanol-Powered Vehicles. Hydrogen for Fuel Cells from Methanol Reforming. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). Fuel Cells Based on Other Fuels and Biofuel Cells. Regenerative Fuel Cell. Methanol for Static Power and Heat Generation. Methanol Storage and Distribution. Methanol Price. Methanol Safety. Emissions from Methanol-Powered Vehicles. Methanol and the Environment. Methanol and Issues of Climate Change. Chapter 12: Production of Methanol from Syn-Gas to Carbon Dioxide. Methanol from Fossil Fuels. Production via Syn-Gas. Syn-Gas from Natural Gas. Methane Steam Reforming. Partial Oxidation of Methane. Autothermal Reforming and Combination of Steam Reforming and Partial Oxidation. Syn-Gas from CO2 Reforming. Syn-Gas from Petroleum and Higher Hydrocarbons. Syn-Gas from Coal. Economics of Syn-Gas Generation. Methanol through Methyl Formate. Methanol from Methane Without Syn-Gas. Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol. Catalytic Gas-Phase Oxidation of Methane. Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Methane to Methanol. Methanol Production through Mono-Halogenated Methanes. Microbial or Photochemical Conversion of Methane to Methanol. Methanol from Biomass. Methanol from Biogas. Aquaculture. Water Plants. Algae. Methanol from Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide from Industrial Flue Gases. Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere. Chapter 13: Methanol-Based Chemicals, Synthetic Hydrocarbons and Materials. Methanol-Based Chemical Products and Materials. Methanol Conversion to Olefins and Synthetic Hydrocarbons. Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Process. Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Process. Methanol-Based Proteins. Outlook. Chapter 14: Future Perspectives. The "Methanol Economy" and its Advantages. Further Reading and Information. References. Index.

https://www.cheric.org/PDF/JIEC/IE10/IE10-7-1063.pdf

Kimberly McGrath

Papers

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

High efficiency direct methanol fuel cell based on poly(styrenesulfonic) acid (PSSA)–poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite membranes

A potentiometric method of monitoring methanol crossover through polymer electrolyte membranes of direct methanol fuel cells