다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

This article reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG) using results available through the end of 2011. In some cases results available in the early part of 2012 are included. For the averaging, common input parameters used in the various analyses are adjusted (rescaled) to common values, and known correlations are taken into account. The averages include branching fractions, lifetimes, neutral meson mixing parameters, CP violation parameters, parameters of semileptonic decays and CKM matrix elements.

/pdf/averages-of-b-hadron-c-hadron-and-tau-lepton-properties-as-29qrkk2j2g.pdf

Averages of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties as of early 2012

A comprehensive review of zonal flow phenomena in plasmas is presented. While the emphasis is on zonal flows in laboratory plasmas, planetary zonal flows are discussed as well. The review presents the status of theory, numerical simulation and experiments relevant to zonal flows. The emphasis is on developing an integrated understanding of the dynamics of drift wave–zonal flow turbulence by combining detailed studies of the generation of zonal flows by drift waves, the back-interaction of zonal flows on the drift waves, and the various feedback loops by which the system regulates and organizes itself. The implications of zonal flow phenomena for confinement in, and the phenomena of fusion devices are discussed. Special attention is given to the comparison of experiment with theory and to identifying directions for progress in future research.

/pdf/zonal-flows-in-plasma-a-review-3byloag115.pdf

Zonal flows in plasma—a review

Astrophysical magnetic fields and nonlinear dynamo theory

The hidden-charm pentaquark and tetraquark states

A possible origin of metal impurities in ICRF heating experiments

Using the method of positions of the complex singularities, we identify a class of new, exact solutions of the Flierl-Petviashvili equation. The solutions are periodic and have the geometry of the zonal flow. We examine the physical properties and find that the solution can reproduce data from experimental observations and numerical simulations.

Pole dynamics for the flierl-petviashvili equation and zonal flow.

Transient transport in high-temperature and turbulent plasmas is investigated. Microscopic fluctuations in toroidal plasmas are localized in the outside of the torus, so that the radial correlation length of fluctuations is meso-scale (hybrid between micro-scale and system size). The long radial correlation induces the interference of gradient and flux in different radii, and causes a fast propagation of transient response. The upper bound of thermal diffusivity, deduced from transients, is derived. The role of geometry in transport far from thermodynamical equilibrium is highlighted.

Transient response of transport at transport barrier formation

In tokamak H-mode, a large poloidal flow exists in an edge transport barrier, and the electrostatic potential and density profiles can be steep both in the radial and poloidal direction. Two-dimensional structures of the potential, density and flow velocity near the edge of a tokamak plasma are investigated. The model includes the nonlinearity in bulk-ion viscosity and turbulence-driven shear viscosity. For the case with a strong radial electric field (H-mode), a two-dimensional structure in a transport barrier is obtained, giving a poloidal shock with a solitary radial electric field profile. The poloidal electric field induces convective transport in the radial direction, and poloidal asymmetry makes the flux-surface-averaged particle flux direct inward with a pinch velocity on the order of 1 [m/s]. A large poloidal flow with radial shear enhances the inward pinch velocity. The abrupt increase of this inward ion and electron flux at the onset of L-to-H-mode transition explains the rapid establishment of the density pedestal at the transition.

/pdf/multi-dimensional-structure-of-the-electric-field-in-tokamak-feofy06lvw.pdf

Multi-Dimensional Structure of the Electric Field in Tokamak H-Mode

Electrode biasing is one of the methods for controlling the radial electric field externally and can induce a transition to an improved confinement state. We have shown theoretically that a solitary Er structure with a single peak is formed selectively by electrode biasing in our previous works. That a multiple-peaked Er structure, which has a wider E × B flow shear region, can exist stably was also derived. In this paper, accessibility to a double-peaked Er structure is demonstrated theoretically by double electrode biasing with an applied voltage ramp-up.

Kimitaka Itoh

Papers

A possible origin of metal impurities in ICRF heating experiments

Pole dynamics for the flierl-petviashvili equation and zonal flow.

Transient response of transport at transport barrier formation

Multi-Dimensional Structure of the Electric Field in Tokamak H-Mode

Structural formation induced by electrode biasing in tokamaks: accessibility to a double-peaked Er shear layer