In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

Interpretation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns . By H. Lipson and H. Steeple. Pp. viii + 335 + 3 plates. (Mac-millan: London; St Martins Press: New York, May 1970.) £4.

X-Ray Diffraction

Ferrite nanoparticles (FNPs) have attracted a great interest due to their wide applications in several areas such as biomedical, wastewater treatment, catalyst and electronic device. This review focuses on the synthesis, characterisation and application of FNPs in electronic device with more emphasis on the recently published works. The most commonly used synthesis techniques along with their advantages and limitations are discussed. The available characterisation techniques and their application in electronic materials such as sensors and biosensors, energy storage, microwave device, electromagnetic interference shielding and high-density recording media are briefly reviewed.

Ferrite nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterisation and applications in electronic device

Review on nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications

Spinel ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites for biomedical applications and their toxicity.

Influence of Gd3+ ion substitution on the MnCrFeO4 for their nanoparticle shape formation and magnetic properties

Properties of materials greatly differ in nanoparticle form compared to their bulk counterpart. Strain mechanism, elastic properties and cation distribution play a major role as particle size decreased to nanoscale level and therefore it is necessary to evaluate these properties precisely through reliable methodology. In the present work, a detailed investigation has been carried out on nanocrystalline particles of Mg–Mn co-substituted CdFe2O4 to estimate intrinsic strain through Williamson-Hall (W–H) analysis. The results were compared with those obtained from Scherrer equation and Rietveld refinement. Bertuat method was used to estimate the cation distribution of spinel ferrite. Elastic properties such as, stiffness constant, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, rigidity modulus, Poisson's ratio and Debye temperature were studied by using the band positions of tetrahedral – A and octahedral – B sites observed through infrared spectra. The obtained results were discussed in the light of strain mechanism, elastic constants and substitution of Mg–Mn ions in the CdFe2O4.

X-ray diffraction based Williamson–Hall analysis and rietveld refinement for strain mechanism in Mg–Mn co-substituted CdFe2O4 nanoparticles

Variation in the structural and magnetic properties of heterovalent Mn2+–Si4+ substituted MnCrFeO nanoparticles

The stoichiometric compositions of a ferrite system with a chemical formula CoCr0.5DyxFe1.5−xO4 where x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 were prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method. The structural, morphological and magnetic properties were studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), infra-red spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. XRD analysis confirmed the cubic spinel structure of the prepared samples without the presence of any impurity and secondary phases. Selected area electron diffraction and IR measurements gives further confirmation to the XRD observations. Considering that strain mechanism, elastic properties and cation distribution play a major role for controlling the magnetic properties and therefore these properties were precisely evaluated through reliable methodologies such as XRD and IR data. The cation distribution was determined by the X-ray diffraction data which are further supported by the magnetization studies. Magnetoelectric properties of CoCr0.5DyxFe1.5−xO4 + BaTiO3 have also been investigated. The mechanisms involved are discussed in the manuscript.

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Kirti Desai

Papers

Influence of Gd3+ ion substitution on the MnCrFeO4 for their nanoparticle shape formation and magnetic properties

X-ray diffraction based Williamson–Hall analysis and rietveld refinement for strain mechanism in Mg–Mn co-substituted CdFe2O4 nanoparticles

Variation in the structural and magnetic properties of heterovalent Mn2+–Si4+ substituted MnCrFeO nanoparticles

A thorough Investigation of Rare-Earth Dy3+ Substituted Cobalt-Chromium Ferrite and Its Magnetoelectric Nanocomposite