I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

Structure and function of the brain serotonin system.

1. Introduction 2. On the way to the planning theory 3. Plans and practical reasoning 4. Agent rationality: toward a general theory 5. Reconsideration and rationality 6. Agent rationality: the historical theory 7. Commitment revisited 8. Two faces of intention 9. Acting with an intention 10. Intention and expected side effects 11. Conclusion Bibliography Notes Index.

Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason

The notion of the command cell has been highly influential in invertebrate neurobiology, and related notions have been increasingly used in research on the vertebrate nervous system. The term "command neuron" implies that the neuron has some critical function in the generation of a normally occurring behavior. Nevertheless, most authors either explicitly or implicitly use a strictly operational definition, independent of considerations of normal behavioral function. That is, command neurons are often defined as neurons which, when stimulated by the experimenter, evoke some behavioral response. Even when utilizing such an operational definition, investigators frequently differ on what they consider to be the exact characteristics that a neuron must have (or not have) to be considered a command cell. A few authors appear to treat command neurons in relation to normal function, but a precise be- haviorally relevant definition has not been specified. Because of the ambiguity in the definition of command neurons, the term can refer to a wide variety of neurons which may play divergent behavioral roles. In some ways the attempt to label a cell as a command neuron may interfere with the process of discovering the complex causal determinants of behavior. Nevertheless, the notion that indi- vidual cells are responsible for certain behaviors is highly appealing, and an attempt to define the command neuron rigorously could be worthwhile. We suggest that a command neuron be defined as a neuron that is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of a given behavior. These criteria can by tested by: (1) establishing the response pattern of the putative command neuron during presenta- tion of a given stimulus and execution of a well specified behavior; (2) removing the neuron and showing that the response is no longer elicited by the stimulus (necessary condition); and (3) firing the neuron in its normal pattern and showing that the complete behavioral response occurs (sufficient condition). In some cases, groups of neurons, when treated as a whole, may satisfy the necessity and sufficiency criteria for a given behavior, even though individual neurons of the group fail to meet the criteria. We suggest that such a group be termed a "command system" for the behavior in question. Individual neurons in the command system can be termed "com- mand elements" if, when fired in their normally occurring pattern, they elicit a part of the behavior, or "modulatory elements" if they do not in isolation elicit any response, but alter the behavior produced by other elements in the command system.

https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/bionb4240/Reprints/Kupferman%20and%20Weiss%201978_ocr.pdf

The command neuron concept

BACKGROUND. Recent reports have identified New York City as having asthma mortality rates that are substantially higher than expected based on US rates. This study investigates the problems of asthma morbidity and mortality in New York City. METHODS. Data on asthma hospitalizations (1982 to 1986) and deaths (1982 to 1987) among persons aged 0 to 34 years were studied. Descriptive and multivariate techniques were used to examine differences in rates among subgroups and across geographic areas. RESULTS. The average annual hospitalization rate was 39.2 per 10,000; the mortality rate was 1.2 per 100,000. Hospitalization and death rates among Blacks and Hispanics were 3 to 5.5 times those of Whites. Large geographic variations in hospitalizations and mortality occurred. Asthma hospitalization and mortality rates were highly correlated (r = .67), with the highest rates concentrated in the city's poorest neighborhoods. Household income, percentage of population Black, and percentage of population Hispanic were s...

Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City.

I. We have studied the central and peripheral functions of the metacerebral cell (MCC) ofAplysia. This research concentrated on the role of the MCC in controlling the ARC muscle, which is representative of a group of muscles that effect the biting and swallowing response of Aplysia. 2. Firing of the MCC produced a slowly rising and slowly decaying excitatory synaptic potential in motoneurons of the ARC muscle and other muscles of the buccal mass. The excitatory synaptic potential was not sufficient to fire motoneurons unless they received another source of depolarization. 3. In isolated buccal ganglia that exhibit periodic burst output, firing of the MCC at low, physiological rates, increased the frequency of occurrence of the burst output. Firing of the MCC was never effective in eliciting sustained burst output from nonbursting ganglia. 4. Although the MCC sends axonal branches to nerves innervating the accessory radula closer (ARC) and other muscles, firing of the MCC produced neither an increase nor decrease of the resting tension of the ARC muscle. Furthermore, firing of the ARC was never associated with any direct depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses in muscle fibers. 5. Brief firing of the MCC enhanced the muscle contraction produced by firing of ARC motoneurons. The enhancement of contraction was maximum approximately 30 s after termination of a brief burst of MCC spikes (e.g., 30 spikes at 5/s), and the process then gradually decayed over a period of a minute or more. Physiological rates of MCC firing (see below) also enhanced contraction of ARC muscles. 6. The above data suggested that the MCCs might be involved in feeding behavior. To explore this hypothesis, chronic extracellular recordings from a MCC were obtained while ani-

Modulatory control of buccal musculature by a serotonergic neuron (metacerebral cell) in Aplysia

Motor control of buccal muscles in Aplysia

We identified candidate neurons in the cerebral ganglion that regulate feeding responses mediated by the buccal ganglion Backfilling the cerebral-buccal connectives revealed that each cerebral hemi-ganglion contains approximately 20 neurons that project axons to the buccal ganglion Three M-cluster neurons (CBI-1, CBI-2, CBI-3) and one E- cluster neuron (CBI-4) were identified as cerebral-to-buccal interneurons (CBIs) based on position, morphology, synaptic connections, and ability to drive buccal motor programs (BMPs) CBI-1 responds to touch of the tentacles, lips, and buccal mass It receives monosynaptic EPSPs from interganglionic, cerebral-to-buccal mechanoafferent (ICBM) neurons and monosynaptically excites buccal cells, some of which are also excited by the ICBMs Tonic firing of CBI- 1 usually evokes a single cycle of BMP activity CBI-1 phase-shifts the rhythmic BMP driven by firing a dopaminergic neuron in the buccal ganglion CBI-1 itself exhibits dopamine-like histofluorescence following formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixation CBI-2 is excited by food stimuli applied to the lips Constant-current intracellular stimulation of CBI-2 produces phasic firing of the cell that reliably evokes a rhythmic BMP that incorporates buccal and cerebral motor neurons, putative pattern-generating and pattern-initiating neurons, and neuromodulatory cells (metacerebral cells) CBI-4 also evokes a rhythmic BMP, but the details of its actions and synaptic effects differ from that of CBI-2 CBI-3 does not evoke a BMP, even though it is excited by food stimuli applied to the lips, and it makes monosynaptic connections (both excitatory and inhibitory) to many follower cells of the other CBIs Firing of CBI-3 phase-delays the BMP driven by CBI-2 Since its activity is incorporated into BMPs and it provides direct inputs to elements of the feeding circuitry, it may play a role in pattern generation The distinctive features of the CBIs suggest that the consummatory phase of feeding may be controlled by a population of interneurons that subserve different roles

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/11/11/3630.full.pdf

Klaudiusz R. Weiss

Papers

The command neuron concept

Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City.

Modulatory control of buccal musculature by a serotonergic neuron (metacerebral cell) in Aplysia

Motor control of buccal muscles in Aplysia

Identification and characterization of cerebral-to-buccal interneurons implicated in the control of motor programs associated with feeding in Aplysia