抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations. I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may j...

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Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Abstract The broad conceptualisation of wellbeing has allowed researchers to establish subjective wellbeing as a valid indicator of social development. However, changing social patterns, norms, and values suggest changes in how social determinants may predict subjective wellbeing. The current analysis tests a serial mediation hypothesis in which social participation and social resources mediate the effect of general trust on subjective wellbeing. Data from 8725 participants were pooled from the German part of the European Social Survey (ESS) Wave 10. Structural models were estimated to access the path from general trust to subjective wellbeing (SWB). Three separate mediation analyses were performed to test (1) the indirect effect of general trust on SWB through social participation, (2) through social resources and (3) through social participation and social resources. A full-mediation model reveals the direct and indirect paths predicting SWB through general trust, social participation, and social resources. Gender, age, education, and household size were included as control variables. The full-mediation model suggests significant results for direct paths from general trust to social participation, social resources, and SWB. Direct paths from social participation to social resources and SWB were also significant. However, the path from social resources to SWB became non-significant. Results highlight general trust as a critical predictor of SWB. The finding that social participation is significant while social resources are not significant in a mediation model suggests that social participation directly affects wellbeing, independent of the effect of social resources. This highlights the importance of social participation in promoting wellbeing. 

/pdf/examining-the-pathways-from-general-trust-through-social-2c5qzyjm.pdf

Examining the Pathways from General Trust Through Social Connectedness to Subjective Wellbeing

A new statistic Δ to test the hypothesis of a difference in the dispersion of two dependent samples of ordinal data quality is proposed. It draws on the idea of rank assignment originally forwarded by Siegel and Tukey (1960). No exact probability levels can be given for this statistic for the time being, but it is shown that the statistic is linearly related to the so-called Hotelling-Pabst statistic D, and that one can use exact tables of the latter as a substitute in the statistical decision process with small samples. For larger samples, an approximation of Δ to the standard normal distribution is given. The problem of tied observations is not sufficiently solved yet. A conservative procedure of rank assignment is proposed as long as the exact distribution of Δ in the presence of ties is unknown.

A Nonparametric Test for Differences in the Dispersion of Dependent Samples

Seit der deutsch-deutschen Vereinigung existiert die Deutsche Demokratische Republik nicht mehr, und das neue politische und okonomische System in Ostdeutschland ist durch die Ubernahme der westdeutschen Institutionsstrukturen gekennzeichnet. Formal gesprochen trat die DDR der BRD auf Grundlage von Artikel 23 der westdeutschen Verfassung bei (Huinink & Mayer, 1995). So gesehen ist davon auszugehen, das Ostdeutschland wesentlich starker vom gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozes seit der Vereinigung betroffen ist als der Westen Deutschlands (z. B. Schroder & Melzer, 1992). In diesem Beitrag wird in Anlehnung an Trommsdorff (1994a) der Transformationsprozes in Ostdeutschland als ein Teilbereich sozialen Wandels betrachtet. Seit sechs Jahren vollzieht sich in Ostdeutschland ein radikaler sozialer Wandel, der sich auf viele Lebensbereiche der Ostdeutschen auswirkt, und der die Menschen notigt, sich umzuorientieren und ihr Leben zu restrukturieren. Makrosoziale Veranderungsprozesse dieser Art konnen zu Gesundheitsrisiken fur die Bevolkerung fuhren, wie beispielweise Glen Elder in seiner Studie „The Children of the Great Depression“ eindrucksvoll belegen konnte (Elder & Caspi, 1990).

Werte und Lebenszufriedenheit: Gleiche Konsequenzen des soziokulturellen Wandels in Ost- und Westdeutschland?

In many, but not all situations it is easier to be trusting from a position of security. This paper addresses trust’s relationship with perceived insecurities induced by the coronavirus pandemic. Looking at social trust (trust in strangers) and institutional trust (trust in the government and in the public health-care system), we explore whether individuals’ trust is negatively or positively associated with economic fears and health fears. Using panel data from Germany for 2020, 2021, and 2022 we find in cross-sectional analysis that institutional trust – but not social trust – is strengthened by health fears and weakened by economic fears. Longitudinal analysis shows that changes in health fears – but not in economic fears – increase social and institutional trust. Our results indicate that only health fears are threatening enough to suspend the otherwise tight-knit syndrome of security and trust. 

Existential insecurity and trust during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Germany

Introduction The current article reports findings from three large representative survey studies in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The studies are part of the Social Cohesion Radar research initiative of Bertelsmann Stiftung. Methods The article explores the role of social cohesion in the relationship between COVID-based objective and subjective strain, on the one hand, and future optimism for the youth, citizens of active age, and the elderly. In particular, it focuses on the question whether the degree of social cohesion perceived by respondents moderates the relationship between strain and optimism in the different age groups. Results and discussion Findings show that the impact of perceived social cohesion in people’s life context has only modest effects on the relationship between strain and future optimism. Yet, the results show that having been affected by COVID in one way or the other leads to a small but persistent bounce-back effect. People affected by COVID tend to look more optimistic into the future than those who were not.

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Klaus Boehnke

Papers

Examining the Pathways from General Trust Through Social Connectedness to Subjective Wellbeing

A Nonparametric Test for Differences in the Dispersion of Dependent Samples

Werte und Lebenszufriedenheit: Gleiche Konsequenzen des soziokulturellen Wandels in Ost- und Westdeutschland?

Existential insecurity and trust during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Germany

Youth and social cohesion in times of the COVID pandemic: Most negatively affected? Most resilient?