Slices of sensorimotor and anterior cingulate cortex from guinea pigs were maintained in vitro and bathed in a normal physiological medium. Electrophysiological properties of neurons were assessed with intracellular recording techniques. Some neurons were identified morphologically by intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow CH. Three distinct neuronal classes of electrophysiological behavior were observed; these were termed regular spiking, bursting, and fast spiking. The physiological properties of neurons from sensorimotor and anterior cingulate areas did not differ significantly. Regular-spiking cells were characterized by action potentials with a mean duration of 0.80 ms at one-half amplitude, a ratio of maximum rate of spike rise to maximum rate of fall of 4.12, and a prominent afterhyperpolarization following a train of spikes. The primary slope of initial spike frequency versus injected current intensity was 241 Hz/nA. During prolonged suprathreshold current pulses the frequency of firing adapted strongly. When local synaptic pathways were activated, all cells were transiently excited and then strongly inhibited. Bursting cells were distinguished by their ability to generate endogenous, all-or-none bursts of three to five action potentials. Their properties were otherwise very similar to regular-spiking cells. The ability to generate a burst was eliminated when the membrane was depolarized to near the firing threshold with tonic current. By contrast, hyperpolarization of regular-spiking (i.e., nonbursting) cells did not uncover latent bursting tendencies. The action potentials of fast-spiking cells were much briefer (mean of 0.32 ms) than those of the other cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparative electrophysiology of pyramidal and sparsely spiny stellate neurons of the neocortex.

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Statistical Parametric Mapping The Analysis Of Functional Brain Images

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Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles

https://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/zucker/PDFs/Zucker_JTheoretBiol38,587.pdf

Time Constants and Electrotonic Length of Membrane Cylinders and Neurons

Extracellular electrical stimulation of the gray matter is often used to determine the function of a given cortical area or pathway. However, when it is used to elicit postsynaptic effects, the presynaptic neuronal elements activated by electrical stimulation have never been clearly identified: it could be the excitable dendrites, the cell body, the axon initial segment, or the axonal branches. To identify these elements, we performed two series of experiments on slices of rat visual cortex maintained in vitro. The first series of experiments, reported in this paper, was aimed at determining the chronaxie, a temporal parameter related to the membrane properties of the neuronal elements. In order to identify the presynaptic elements that were activated by extracellular electrical stimulation, chronaxies corresponding to postsynaptic responses were measured and compared with those corresponding to the activation of axons (antidromic activation) and those corresponding to the activation of cell bodies (intracellular current injection in intracellularly recorded neurons). The chronaxie for orthodromic activation was similar to that for axonal activation, but was 40 times smaller than the chronaxie for direct cell body activation. This suggests that, whenever a postsynaptic response is elicited after electrical stimulation of the cortical gray matter, axons (either axonal branches or axon initial segments), but not cell bodies, are the neuronal elements activated.

Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter I. Evidence from chronaxie measurements

Hadley Wickham1, Mara Averick1, Jennifer Bryan1, Winston Chang1, Lucy D’Agostino McGowan8, Romain François1, Garrett Grolemund1, Alex Hayes12, Lionel Henry1, Jim Hester1, Max Kuhn1, Thomas Lin Pedersen1, Evan Miller13, Stephan Milton Bache3, Kirill Müller2, Jeroen Ooms14, David Robinson5, Dana Paige Seidel10, Vitalie Spinu4, Kohske Takahashi9, Davis Vaughan1, Claus Wilke6, Kara Woo7, and Hiroaki Yutani11

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Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics [R package ggplot2 version 3.3.2]

We can easily recognize human movements from very limited visual information (biological motion perception). The present study investigated how upper and lower body areas contribute to direction discrimination of a point-light (PL) walker. Observers judged the direction that the PL walker was facing. The walker performed either normal walking or hakobi, a walking style used in traditional Japanese performing arts, in which the amount of the local motion of extremities is much smaller than that in normal walking. Either the upper, lower, or full body of the PL walker was presented. Discrimination performance was found to be better for the lower body than for the upper body. We also found that discrimination performance for the lower body was affected by walking style and/or the amount of local motion signals. Additional eye movement analyses indicated that the observers initially inspected the region corresponding to the upper body, and then the gaze shifted toward the lower body. This held true even when the upper body was absent. We conjectured that the upper body subserved to localize the PL walker and the lower body to discriminate walking direction. We concluded that the upper and lower bodies play different roles in direction discrimination of a PL walker.

Roles of the upper and lower bodies in direction discrimination of point-light walkers

A number of studies have shown that current-trial responses are biased toward the response of the preceding trial in perceptual decisionmaking tasks (the sequential effect—Holland and Lockhead, 1968 Perception & Psychophysics3 409–414). The sequential effect has been widely observed in evaluation of the physical properties of stimuli as well as more complex properties. However, it is unclear whether subjective decisions (eg attractiveness judgments) are also susceptible to the sequential effect. Here, we examined whether the sequential effect would occur in face-attractiveness judgments. Forty-eight pictures of male and female faces were presented successively. Participants rated the attractiveness of each face on a 7-point scale. The results showed that the attractiveness rating of a given face assimilated toward the rating of the preceding trial. In a separate experiment, we provided the average attractiveness rating by others for each trial as feedback. The feedback weakened the sequential effect. Thes...

Sequential Effects in Face-Attractiveness Judgment

Visual images that are not faces are sometimes perceived as faces (the pareidolia phenomenon). While the pareidolia phenomenon provides people with a strong impression that a face is present, it is unclear how deeply pareidolia faces are processed as faces. In the present study, we examined whether a shift in spatial attention would be produced by gaze cueing of face-like objects. A robust cueing effect was observed when the face-like objects were perceived as faces. The magnitude of the cueing effect was comparable between the face-like objects and a cartoon face. However, the cueing effect was eliminated when the observer did not perceive the objects as faces. These results demonstrated that pareidolia faces do more than give the impression of the presence of faces; indeed, they trigger an additional face-specific attentional process.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/i0617sas

Kohske Takahashi

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Welcome to the Tidyverse

Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics [R package ggplot2 version 3.3.2]

Roles of the upper and lower bodies in direction discrimination of point-light walkers

Sequential Effects in Face-Attractiveness Judgment

Gaze cueing by pareidolia faces.