There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Light-Emitting Diodes. (Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.) By A. A. Bergh and P. J. Dean. Pp. viii+591. (Clarendon: Oxford; Oxford University: London, 1976.) £22.

/pdf/light-emitting-diodes-ubzde6g9qc.pdf

Light-emitting diodes

Singular perturbations and order reduction in control theory - An overview

Singular perturbations and time-scale methods in control theory: Survey 1976-1983

A marriage of optical fibre fabrication technology and LSI microfabrication technology gave birth to fibre-matched silica waveguides on silicon: thick glass layers of high-silica-content glass are deposited on silicon by flame hydrolysis, a method originally developed for fibre preform fabrication. Silica channel waveguides are then formed by photolithographic pattern definition processes followed by reactive ion etching. This ‘high silica (HiS) technology’ offers the possibility of integrating a number of passive functions on a single silicon chip, as well as the possibility of the hybrid integration of both active and passive devices on silicon. This paper reviews the NTT HiS technology and its application to integrated-optic components such as optical beam splitters, optical switches, wavelength-division multi/demultiplexers and optical frequency-division multi/demultiplexers. The clear and simple waveguide structures produced by the HiS technology make it possible to design and fabricate these components with high precision and excellent reproducibility.

Silica waveguides on silicon and their application to integrated-optic components

This paper investigates the effects of speckle noise on analog video transmission systems using semiconductor laser diodes. The system linearity degradation due to speckle noise is examined using different fiber types. Then this paper proposes a new modulation technique employing a superimposed pulse scheme to reduce speckle noise. It is experimentally confirmed that the proposed modulation method is effective in reducing speckle noise. Based on the above investigations, analog video transmission experiments are performed using single-mode fibers, step-index multimode fibers, and graded-index multimode fibers in the 0.8 and 1.3 μm wavelength regions. The results of the transmission tests have confirmed the feasibility of analog video transmission using semiconductor laser diodes.

Speckle Noise Reduction in Fiber Optic Analog Video Transmission Using Semiconductor Laser Diodes

Optical-fiber transmission experiments in the 1.3-μm wavelength region are reported. GaInAsP/InP double-heterostructure semiconductor laser emitting at 1.293 μm is modulated directly in nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) codes at digit rates tanging from 100 Mbit/s to 1.2 Gbit/s. Its output is transmitted through low-loss GeO 2 -doped single-mode silica fibers in 11-km lengths. Transmitted optical signals are detected by a high-speed Ge avalanche photodiode. Overall loss of the 11-km optical fibers, including 11 splices, is 15.5 dB at 1.3 μm. Average received optical power levels necessary for 10-9error rate are -39.9 dBm at 100 Mbit/s and -29.1 dBm at 1.2 Gbit/s. In the present system configuration, the repeater spacing is limited by loss rather than dispersion. It seems feasible that a more than 30 km repeater spacing at 100 Mbit/s and a more than 20 km even at 1.2 Gbit/s can be realized with low-loss silica fiber cables, whose loss is less than 1 dB/km. Distinctive features and problems associated with this experimental system and constituent devices are discussed.

High-speed optical pulse transmission at 1.29-&#181;m wavelength using low-loss single-mode fibers

Future subscriber loops will provide various services including broad-band video. Fiber optic technology is the key for introducing these services. The Electrical Communication Laboratories (ECL) of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (NTT) have been promoting research and development on basic technology of fiber optic subscriber loops, and studying the ways to use fiber optic subscriber loops for new services. As one of the programs, a field trial of fiber optic subscriber loops was planned and conducted in the Yokosuka area from April 1980 until May 1981. This paper first describes fiber optic transmission technologies for subscriber loops. Then, the system configuration and experimental results of the Yokosuka field trial are presented.

A Field Trial of Fiber Optic Subscriber Loop Systems Utilizing Wavelength-Division Multiplexers

Light-emitting diode (LED) nonlinear differential gain (DG) and differential phase (DP) were measured, since they are important performance factors in video signal transmission. Typical, experimentally measured temperature dependence of DG and DP is also presented. A linearizing method for minimizing LED DG and DP distortions, using predistortion, is proposed and experimentally examined. With this technique, and with precise adjustment of the predistortion circuits, the DG of a typical LED was improved from 12.5 percent to less than 1 percent, and the DP from 2.8/spl deg/ to 1/spl deg/.This corresponds to an improvement in second and third-order harmonic distortions of 19 dB and 21 dB, respectively. DG and DP were measured with respect to the 3.58-MHz color subcarrier frequency superimposed on the 15.75-kHz horizontal scanning sawtooth wave. The linearization stability with regard to temperature variation was lowered to be less than 1-percent DG and 1/spl deg/ DP in the temperature range from 15 to 45/spl deg/C.

Linearization of LED Nonlinearity by Predistortions

The main concepts and interfacing and multiplexing techniques for an NNI (network node interface) as set forth in CCITT (International Consultive Committee for Telephone and Telegraph) Recommendations are described. The objectives and history of the NNI standardization are reviewed together with concepts, basic requirements, and features of the NNI. The nine-row-based frame structure and the virtual container (VC) concept, which are the main features of the NNI, are introduced. The multiplexing principle and method, the detailed frame structure and overhead, and mapping methods related to the NNI are described. Applications of the NNI in the synchronous network and international interworking are presented. The future application of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is discussed. >

Koichi Asatani

Papers

Speckle Noise Reduction in Fiber Optic Analog Video Transmission Using Semiconductor Laser Diodes

High-speed optical pulse transmission at 1.29-µm wavelength using low-loss single-mode fibers

A Field Trial of Fiber Optic Subscriber Loop Systems Utilizing Wavelength-Division Multiplexers

Linearization of LED Nonlinearity by Predistortions

CCITT standardization of network node interface of synchronous digital hierarchy

Koichi Asatani

Papers

Speckle Noise Reduction in Fiber Optic Analog Video Transmission Using Semiconductor Laser Diodes

High-speed optical pulse transmission at 1.29-&#181;m wavelength using low-loss single-mode fibers

A Field Trial of Fiber Optic Subscriber Loop Systems Utilizing Wavelength-Division Multiplexers

Linearization of LED Nonlinearity by Predistortions

CCITT standardization of network node interface of synchronous digital hierarchy

High-speed optical pulse transmission at 1.29-µm wavelength using low-loss single-mode fibers