Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc) in the treatment of various diseases The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (eg, natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area

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Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal-4026835713/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal.pdf

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

Cancer is associated with fibroblasts at all stages of disease progression. This Review discusses the pleiotropic actions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on tumour cells and postulates that they are likely to be a heterogeneous and plastic population of cells in the tumour microenvironment. Among all cells, fibroblasts could be considered the cockroaches of the human body. They survive severe stress that is usually lethal to all other cells, and they are the only normal cell type that can be live-cultured from post-mortem and decaying tissue. Their resilient adaptation may reside in their intrinsic survival programmes and cellular plasticity. Cancer is associated with fibroblasts at all stages of disease progression, including metastasis, and they are a considerable component of the general host response to tissue damage caused by cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) become synthetic machines that produce many different tumour components. CAFs have a role in creating extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and metabolic and immune reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment with an impact on adaptive resistance to chemotherapy. The pleiotropic actions of CAFs on tumour cells are probably reflective of them being a heterogeneous and plastic population with context-dependent influence on cancer.

The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer

Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers. Remarkable progress has been made with regard to the development of electrospinning methods and engineering of electrospun nanofibers to suit or enable various applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, including the principle, methods, materials, and applications. We begin with a brief introduction to the early history of electrospinning, followed by discussion of its principle and typical apparatus. We then discuss its renaissance over the past two decades as a powerful technology for the production of nanofibers with diversified compositions, structures, and properties. Afterward, we discuss the applications of electrospun nanofibers, including their use as "smart" mats, filtration membranes, catalytic supports, energy harvesting/conversion/storage components, and photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical scaffolds. We highlight the most relevant and recent advances related to the applications of electrospun nanofibers by focusing on the most representative examples. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development. At the end, we discuss approaches to the scale-up production of electrospun nanofibers and briefly discuss various types of commercial products based on electrospun nanofibers that have found widespread use in our everyday life.

Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications

International Journal of Computer and Applications

The present work investigates the effects of a variety of natural cryoprotectants in combination on post-thaw viability and apoptosis of cryopreserved mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from umbilical cord blood The extracellular cryoprotectants (10 mM) namely trehalose, hydroxyl ethyl starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidine and intracellular CPAs (5 mM) like erythritol, taurine and ectoine were used to prepare different combinations of freezing medium following L9 (3(4)) Taguchi orthogonal array Catalase, coenzyme Q10 and n-acetyl cystine (100 microg/m) were added as antioxidants Among various combinations, freezing medium consisting of hydroxyl ethyl starch, ectoin and co-enzyme Q10 with 10% FBS is found to be most effective combination achieving maximum cell viability of 93%, 56% early apoptotic, 07% late apoptotic and 01% necrotic cells SEM and phase contrast microscopy confirmed the normal cell morphology of the post-thaw cultured cells with retaining their membrane integrity The survival rate of MNCs is higher than the rate achieved using conventional Me2SO

Effects of non-toxic cryoprotective agents on the viability of cord blood derived MNCs.

Silk fibroin–chitosan blend is reported to be an attractive scaffold material for tissue engineering applications. In our earlier study, we developed a scaffold having an optimal silk fibroin–chitosan blend ratio of 80:20 and proved its potentiality for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Glucosamine is one of the major structural components of cartilage tissue. The present work investigates the effect of glucosamine components on the physicochemical and biocompatibility properties of this scaffold. To this end, varied amounts of glucosamine were added to silk fibroin–chitosan blend with the aim of improving various scaffold properties. The addition of glucosamine components did not show any significant change in physicochemical properties of silk fibroin–chitosan blend scaffolds. The composite scaffold showed an open pore structure with desired pore size and porosity. However, cell culture study using human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood revealed an overall increase in cell supportive properties of glucosamine-added scaffolds. Cell viability, cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan assays confirmed enhanced cell viability and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, this study demonstrated the beneficial effect of glucosamine on improving the cell supportive property of silk fibroin–chitosan blend scaffolds making it more potential for cartilage tissue regeneration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the study of glucosamine-added silk fibroin–chitosan blend porous scaffolds seeded with mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood.

Development of a novel glucosamine/silk fibroin–chitosan blend porous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications

Optimization of protein extraction using silk cocoon was carried out by the design of experiment (DOE) to obtain the response surface methodology ( RSM ). Box-Behnken rotatable design was used to create an experimental program to provide data to model the effects of various factors on protein extraction efficiency. The variables chosen were sodium carbonate concentration ( 1 X ), Lithum bromide concentration ( 2 X ) and temperature ( 3 X ). The mathematical relationship between protein extraction efficiency and three significant independent variables can be approximated by a second order quadratic model. RSM was used to describe the individual and interactive effects of three variables at three levels, combined according to a Box-Behnken Design. The coefficient of determination ( 2 R ) for the model is 0.9761. Probability value ( P < 0.0001) demonstrates a very high significance for the regression model indicating that Box-Behnken Design can be applied to the protein extraction from silk cocoon, and it is an economical way of obtaining the maximum amount of information with the fewest experiments.

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The extraction of fibroin protein from Bombyx mori silk cocoon: Optimization of process parameters

Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in silk fibroin/chitosan/glycosaminoglycan scaffolds under dynamic culture condition.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), accounting around 30% of deaths worldwide, collectively comprised of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels as well as their associated adverse conditions. Despite outstanding progress in the area of the treatments of CVDs, significant challenges remain in designing of efficient delivery systems for myocardial therapy. Moreover, current therapy for CVDs is limited due to various clinical complications such as systemic toxicity, stent thrombosis, etc. Molecular and nanotechnology approaches provide the tools to explore such frontiers of biomedical science at the cellular level and thus offer unique features for potential application in the field of cardiac therapy. In this review, recent advances in CVD related risk factors, chronic inflammation, and their therapeutic modalities such as stem cell therapy, gene delivery, tissue factor (TF) inhibitors, miRNAs, leukotriene modifiers, thrombolytic agents etc., in modern molecular aspects are discussed. Moreover, nanoparticle based drug delivery, nanocarriers as molecular imaging, and the various challenges of myocardial tissue engineering aspects have been summarized. All these aspects may provide additional therapeutic substitutes in clinical trials for the registration of new drugs.

Krishna Pramanik

Papers

Effects of non-toxic cryoprotective agents on the viability of cord blood derived MNCs.

Development of a novel glucosamine/silk fibroin–chitosan blend porous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications

The extraction of fibroin protein from Bombyx mori silk cocoon: Optimization of process parameters

Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in silk fibroin/chitosan/glycosaminoglycan scaffolds under dynamic culture condition.

Recent Advancement in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Conventional Therapy to Nanotechnology