I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

/pdf/beck-depression-inventory-iinituitenoyi-kao-cha-3143h0pleh.pdf

Beck Depression Inventory-IIについての一考察

In the United States, the incidence rate of new or recurrent stroke is approximately 795 000 per year, and stroke prevalence for individuals over the age of 20 years is estimated at 6.5 million.1 Mortality rates in the first 30 days after stroke have decreased because of advances in emergency medicine and acute stroke care. In addition, there is strong evidence that organized postacute, inpatient stroke care delivered within the first 4 weeks by an interdisciplinary healthcare team results in an absolute reduction in the number of deaths.2,3 Despite these positive achievements, stroke continues to represent the leading cause of long-term disability in Americans: An estimated 50 million stroke survivors worldwide currently cope with significant physical, cognitive, and emotional deficits, and 25% to 74% of these survivors require some assistance or are fully dependent on caregivers for activities of daily living (ADLs).4,5

Notwithstanding the substantial progress in acute stroke care over the past 15 years, the focus of stroke medical advances and healthcare resources has been on acute and subacute recovery phases, which has resulted in substantial health disparities in later phases of stroke care. Additionally, healthcare providers (HCPs) are often unaware of not only patients’ potential for improvement during more chronic recovery phases but also common issues that stroke survivors and their caregivers experience. Furthermore, even with evidence that documents neuroplasticity potential regardless of age and time after stroke,6 the mean lifetime cost of ischemic stroke (which accounts for 87% of all strokes) in the United States is an estimated $140 000 (for inpatient, rehabilitation, and follow-up costs), with 70% of first-year stroke costs attributed to acute inpatient hospital care1; therefore, fewer financial resources appear to be dedicated to providing optimal care during the later phases of stroke recovery.

Because there remains a …

Comprehensive Overview of Nursing and Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Care of the Stroke Patient A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

The indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the drug treatment of choice in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), one of the most common behavioral disorders of childhood (DSM-IV), although symptoms may persist into adulthood. Methylphenidate can enhance cognitive performance in adults and children diagnosed with AD/HD (Kempton et al., 1999; Riordan et al., 1999) and also in normal human volunteers on tasks sensitive to frontal lobe damage, including aspects of spatial working memory (SWM) performance (Elliott et al., 1997). The present study investigated changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) induced by methylphenidate during performance of a self-ordered SWM task to define the neuroanatomical loci of the beneficial effect of the drug. The results show that the methylphenidate-induced improvements in working memory performance occur with task-related reductions in rCBF in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex. The beneficial effects of methylphenidate on working memory were greatest in the subjects with lower baseline working memory capacity. This is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a localization of a drug-induced improvement in SWM performance in humans and has relevance for understanding the treatment of AD/HD.

Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Discrete Frontal and Parietal Lobe Regions in the Human Brain

Purpose There has been renewed interest on the part of speech-language pathologists to understand how the motor system learns and determine whether principles of motor learning, derived from studie...

Principles of Motor Learning in Treatment of Motor Speech Disorders

Speech motor programming in hypokinetic and ataxic dysarthria.

Lesions to the cerebellum often give rise to ataxic dysarthria which is characterized by a primary disruption to articulation and prosody. Converging evidence supports the likelihood of speech motor programming abnormalities in addition to speech execution deficits. The understanding of ataxic dysarthria has been further refined by the development of neural network models and neuroimaging studies. A critical role of feedforward processing by the cerebellum has been established and linked to speech motor control and to aspects of ataxic dysarthria. Moreover, this research has helped to define models of the cerebellar contributions to speech processing and production, and to posit possible regions of speech localization within the cerebellum. Bilateral, superior areas of the cerebellum appear to mediate speech motor control while a putative role of the right cerebellar hemispheres in the planning and processing of speech has been suggested.

The neural basis of ataxic dysarthria.

Background: It is well documented in limb motor research that providing the optimal practice and feedback conditions can have positive outcomes for the learning of new movements. However, it remains unclear if the training conditions used for limb movements can be directly applied to the speech motor system of healthy adults and individuals with acquired motor speech disorders. Collectively these practice and feedback conditions are known as the principles of motor learning (PML), and they have recently been applied to the rehabilitation of motor speech disorders with promising results. Aims: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify which PML have been examined in the speech motor learning literature, to determine the effectiveness of these principles, and to ascertain future lines of research. Methods & Procedures: A systematic search of the literature was completed that involved the combination of a primary search term with a secondary search term. All articles were independently reviewed an...

Do principles of motor learning enhance retention and transfer of speech skills? A systematic review

Behavioral management of respiratory/phonatory dysfunction from dysarthria

This study reports the development and validation of four parallel forms of a story retelling procedure. The equivalency of forms was based on the performance of 15 adults with aphasia on 12 operationally defined productive language variables including measures of (a) verbal productivity, (b) information content, (c) grammatical well-formedness, (d) phoneme production, and (e) verbal disruptions. The results revealed no significant differences among the four forms of the test for any of the dependent measures, and strong, positive and significant correlations among forms for 11 of the 12 dependent measures. These results suggest that a wide variety of productive language variables can be reliably measured using parallel forms of the story-retelling procedure described herein.

Kristie A. Spencer

Papers

Speech motor programming in hypokinetic and ataxic dysarthria.

The neural basis of ataxic dysarthria.

Do principles of motor learning enhance retention and transfer of speech skills? A systematic review

Behavioral management of respiratory/phonatory dysfunction from dysarthria

Linguistic validation of four parallel forms of a story retelling procedure