A review on electric vehicle: Technologies, energy trading, and cyber security

With the need for more environmentally friendly transportation and the wide deployment of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations have become a major issue for car manufacturers and a real challenge for researchers all over the world. Indeed, the high cost of battery energy storage, the limited EV autonomy and battery lifespan, the battery charging time, the deployment cost of a fast charging infrastructure, and the significant impact on the power grid are the origin of several research projects focused on advanced power electronics topologies and the optimization of the EV charging stations in terms of power transfer and geographical location. Three charging levels can be distinguished, which differ in terms of output power and charging time. The higher the level of charging, the faster the charging process, as more power is delivered to the vehicle at the expense of power quality issues and disturbances. Moreover, three types of charging systems can be distinguished, which are inductive recharging (contactless power transfer), conductive charging systems, and battery swapping. Additionally, EVs encompass fuel cell (FC) EVs, which uses hydrogen as primary energy resources, which is nowadays under extensive research activities in academia and industry. This review paper aims at presenting a state of the art review of major advances in power electronics architectures for EVs traction drives, and battery-based EVs charging stations. Specifically, the focus is made on light-duty electric vehicles drivetrain power electronics and charging stations specifications, the proposed power electronics solutions, the advantages and drawbacks of all these technologies, and perspectives for future research works in terms of smart EV charging and up-to-date solutions for power system disturbances mitigation.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/16/6037/pdf?version=1661323016

Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges

Recently, non-rare-earth motors are attracting more and more attention due to the booming of the electric vehicle (EV) market and, more importantly, the increasing price of the rare-earth magnet material. This paper focuses on the performance comparison among a commercial interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor and two non-rare-earth motors, including a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and a permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM). The design procedure to develop a high-torque-density, low-torque-ripple and high-efficiency SynRM is presented. Combined with a developed automatic modeling and simulation procedure, the finite element analysis (FEA)-based differential evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced for the SynRM rotor optimization. In order to fully inspire the potential of the SynRM, a novel method to optimize the motor split ratio is proposed under the constraint of the copper loss. In addition, different slot–pole combinations are investigated to maximize the motor torque, and the rotor structure is also dealt with towards the centrifugal stress at the maximum operating speed. Finally, the motor performance comparison is carried out, and the results show that although the SynRM achieves almost 61% cost savings, its poor torque capability, power factor and flux weakening (FW) capability are non-negligible defects. On the contrary, the PMaSynRM exhibits excellent features for the EV applications in terms of cost, torque density, efficiency and FW capability. This paper presents a novel split ratio optimization method for the optimal SynRM/PMaSynRM design and demonstrates the characteristics of the IPM motors, SynRMs and PMaSynRMs for EV applications.

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Comparative Study of Non-Rare-Earth and Rare-Earth PM Motors for EV Applications

The switched reluctance machine (SRM) is one of the most interesting machines, being adopted for many applications. However, this machine requires a power electronic converter that usually is the most fragile element of the system. Thus, in order to ensure high reliability for this system, it is fundamental to design a power electronic converter with fault-tolerant capability. In this context, a new solution is proposed to give this capability to the system. This converter was designed with the purpose to ensure fault-tolerant capability to two types of switch faults, namely open- and short-circuit. Moreover, apart from this feature, the proposed topology is characterized by a multilevel operation that allows improvement of the performance of the SRM, taking into consideration a wide speed range. Although the proposed solution is presented for an 8/6 SRM, it can be used for other configurations. The operation of the proposed topology will be described for the two modes, fault-tolerant and normal operation. Another aspect that is addressed in this paper is the proposal of fault detection and diagnosis method for this fault-tolerant inverter. It was specifically developed for a multilevel SRM drive. The theoretical assumptions will be verified through two different types of tests, firstly by simulation and secondly by experiments with a laboratory prototype.

/pdf/fault-tolerant-multilevel-converter-to-feed-a-switched-282bqbja.pdf

Fault-Tolerant Multilevel Converter to Feed a Switched Reluctance Machine

An enhanced direct instantaneous torque control of switched reluctance motor drives using ant colony optimization

This paper presents a detailed literature review on switched reluctance motor (SRM) and drive systems in electric vehicle (EV) powertrains. SRMs have received increasing attention for EV applications owing to their reliable structure, fault tolerance ability and magnet free design. The main drawbacks of the SRM are torque ripple, low power density, low power factor and small extended speed range. Recent research shows that multi-stack conventional switched reluctance motors (MSCSRM) and multi-stack switched reluctance motors with a segmental rotor (MSSRM-SR) are promising alternative solutions to reduce torque ripples, increase torque density and increase power factor. Different winding configurations such as single-layer concentrated winding (SLC), single layer mutually coupled winding (SLMC), double layer concentrated winding (DLC), double layer mutually coupled winding (DLMC) and fully-pitched winding (FP) are introduced in the literature in recent years to increase average torque and to decrease torque ripples. This research analyzes winding methods and structure of the SRMs, including conventional and segmental rotors. They have been compared and assessed in detail evaluation of torque ripple reduction, torque/power density increase, noise/vibration characteristics and mechanical structure. In addition, various drive systems are fully addressed for the SRMs, including conventional drives, soft-switching drives, drives with standard inverters and drives with an integrated battery charger. In this paper, the SRM control methods are also reviewed and classified. These control methods include strategies of torque ripple reduction, fault-diagnosis, fault-tolerance techniques and sensorless control. The key contributions of this paper provide a useful basis for detailed analysis of modeling and electromechanical design, drive systems, and control techniques of the SRMs for EV applications.

/pdf/switched-reluctance-motors-and-drive-systems-for-electric-zj0y9ce1l5.pdf

Switched Reluctance Motors and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicle Powertrains: State of the Art Analysis and Future Trends

Recently, there has been significant attention given to the electrification of transportation due to concerns about fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. Conventional drive systems typically include a clutch, reduction gear, and mechanical differential, which results in power loss, noise, vibration, and additional maintenance. However, in-wheel motor drive technology eliminates the need for these components, providing benefits such as higher system efficiency, improved wheel control, and increased passenger comfort. This article offers a comprehensive review of the technology and development of in-wheel motor drives. It begins with an overview of in-wheel motor drives in electric vehicles, followed by an exploration of the types of electric motors suitable for in-wheel motor drives. The paper then presents an industrial state of the art of in-wheel motors, comparing them with conventional motor drives, and reviews the implemented power electronics, control system, and cooling systems. Finally, the paper concludes by providing an outlook on the challenges and future trends of in-wheel drive systems.

/pdf/in-wheel-motor-drive-systems-for-electric-vehicles-state-of-3soz6wiu.pdf

In-Wheel Motor Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends

Multiphase drives (MPDs) have been the subject of research for the last two decades. Despite being a technology that is still in the process of development, a significant number of research studies and developments have been reported in scientific literature over the past few years. This article aims to collect and present a review of these recent contributions, providing a comprehensive and insightful state of the art on this topic and future technology trends. The elaborated aspects include the advantages of multiphase machines, a general introduction to five-phase and six-phase machines, and their modelling techniques. In addition, new promising MPD topologies are covered. Recent advances in modulation techniques and the control of multilevel converters are also discussed. Finally, future trends and challenges in further developing this technology are discussed.

/pdf/multiphase-motors-and-drive-systems-for-electric-vehicle-1lzir7ut.pdf

Multiphase Motors and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicle Powertrains: State of the Art Analysis and Future Trends

In this paper, a novel hybrid resonant converter for a low voltage high current on-board charge system is proposed. Two transformers are employed with connected-series primary and parallel secondary, which reduces the step-down ratio of the transformer and current stress on secondary devices. Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV) charging profile can be performed automatically by reconfiguring between a high order resonant network and a series LC resonant tank at the primary side without frequency or phase-shift modulation. Due to excellent soft switching and output regulation characteristics, the proposed converter design is suitable to operate at several-hundred kHz up to MHz switching frequencies. By adopting GaN-FETs and high-frequency planar transformers, the power density and efficiency of the proposed design can be further improved. In this article, operating principle and steady state analysis are presented. Additionally, simulation and experiment results are provided to validate the feasibility of proposed converter

/pdf/a-novel-high-frequency-hybrid-resonant-converter-for-cc-cv-11qjkky0.pdf

A Novel High-Frequency Hybrid Resonant Converter for CC-CV Charger of 48V Urban-Electric Vehicles

This paper presents the design investigation of liquid cooled heat sinks for a 48V/35 kW GaN FET dual three-phase inverter using CFD analysis. With the use of GaN FETs, higher power density can be realized in power electronics components which results in higher heat density as well. In order to find an optimal heat sink configuration, the cooling performance of two different configurations of cold plates is investigated and compared with commercially available cold plate. And the distribution characteristics of the temperature, pressure and fluid velocity field are compared and analyzed.

Kritika Deepak

Papers

Switched Reluctance Motors and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicle Powertrains: State of the Art Analysis and Future Trends

In-Wheel Motor Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends

Multiphase Motors and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicle Powertrains: State of the Art Analysis and Future Trends

A Novel High-Frequency Hybrid Resonant Converter for CC-CV Charger of 48V Urban-Electric Vehicles

Design Investigation of Liquid Cooled Heat Sink for GaN FET Dual-Three Phase Inverter