J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. In this Review, we discuss how basic science studies are elucidating the molecular details of the crosstalk that occurs at the host-pathogen interface, as well as the consequences of these interactions for the pathophysiology of UTIs. We also describe current efforts to translate this knowledge into new clinical treatments for UTIs.

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Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

https://zenodo.org/record/1004771/files/Cushnie%20et%20al%20%282014%29%20post-peer%20reviewed%20version.pdf

Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities.

Despite our efforts to halt the increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance, bacteria continue to become less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs over time, and rates of discovery for new antibiotics are declining. Thus, it is essential to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy. One promising approach involves host-directed immunomodulatory therapies, whereby natural mechanisms in the host are exploited to enhance therapeutic benefit. The objective is to initiate or enhance protective antimicrobial immunity while limiting inflammation-induced tissue injury. A range of potential immune modulators have been proposed, including innate defence regulator peptides and agonists of innate immune components such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors.

Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections.

Degradation of carbamazepine by Fe(II)-activated persulfate process

http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2011/2_305.pdf

Natural and synthetic acridines/acridones as antitumor agents: their biological activities and methods of synthesis.

Many people in the world struggle with cancer or bacterial, parasitic, viral, Alzheimer's and other diseases. Therefore, many scientists seek new, more effective, more selective and less toxic drugs. Acridine/acridone derivatives constitute a class of compounds with a broad spectrum of biological activity and are of great interest to scientists. To date, many acridine/acridone analogues have been obtained, which, inter alia, exhibit antitumour (e.g., (1–5)), antimicrobial (e.g., (59)), and antiviral (e.g., (61)) activities and are applicable in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (e.g., (26)). However, in many cases, their clinical application is limited and excluded because of side effects. In this survey, we describe acridine and acridone derivatives reported since 2013, methods of their synthesis and their potential clinical applications.

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Recent developments in the synthesis and biological activity of acridine/acridone analogues

Opisano synteze analogow MDP oraz nor-MDP modyfikowanych w cześci peptydowej batracyliną i pochodnymi batracyliny. Opracowano udoskonaloną metode syntezy batracyliny. Zaproponowana metoda pozwala na otrzymanie BAT w skali multi-gramowej. Zsyntetyzowane analogi nie wykazaly aktywności cytotoksycznej w badaniach prowadzonych w NCI (Bethesda, USA). W testach in vitro przeprowadzonych w Akademii Medycznej w Gdansku dwa analogi redukowaly proliferacje komorek Ab melanoma w porownaniu z samą batracyliną.

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of conjugates of muramyl and normuramyl dipeptides with batracylin derivatives.

The synthesis of two groups (Chart 1, types A and B) of conjugates of MDP (muramyldipeptide) and nor-MDP (normuramyldipeptide) with acridine/acridone derivatives and the synthesis of analogues of desmuramylpeptides (Chart 1, types C and D) containing acridine/ acridone derivatives have been described. In type A conjugates, the hydroxyl group at C6 of the sugar moiety was acylated with acridine/acridone N-substituted ω-aminoalkanocarboxylic acids (Scheme 1), whereas the conjugates of type B (Table 2) and three analogues of type C or D (Scheme 2) have an amide bond formed between the carboxylic group of isoglutamine and the amine function of the respective acridine/acridone derivatives. The preliminary screening data indicate that the analogues of groups A, C, and D exhibit small cytotoxic activity, whereas several analogues of type B, 4b, 4c, 4e, 4g, 4h, 4i, and 4l, exhibiting potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cell lines (Table 4), have been selected by the National Cancer Institu...

Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Conjugates of Muramyldipeptide, Normuramyldipeptide, and Desmuramylpeptides with Acridine/Acridone Derivatives

A series of MDP (muramyldipeptide) or nor-MDP (normuramyldipeptide) analogues modified at the C-terminus post of the molecule by a formation of an ester bond between the carboxylic group of isoglutamine and the hydroxyl function of the respective derivatives of 4-carboxamide-acridine/9-acridone or 1-nitro-9-hydroxyalkylaminoacridines were synthesized as potential anticancer agents. The compounds O-(1-O-benzyl-N-acetyl-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-γ-isoglutaminyl)-9-(ethylamino)-1-nitroacridine ester 3j and O-(1-O-benzyl-N-acetyl-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-γ-isoglutaminyl)-9-propylamino-1-nitroacridine ester 3k exhibited high in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cell lines, prostate cancer and AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL). Analogue 3j was also active in vivo in the hollow fiber assay. Antitumor activity of both compounds were tested in vivo against difference human tumor xenograft, but only analogue 3k showed in vivo activity against sc UACC-62 melanoma in mice.

Krystyna Dzierzbicka

Papers

Natural and synthetic acridines/acridones as antitumor agents: their biological activities and methods of synthesis.

Recent developments in the synthesis and biological activity of acridine/acridone analogues

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of conjugates of muramyl and normuramyl dipeptides with batracylin derivatives.

Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Conjugates of Muramyldipeptide, Normuramyldipeptide, and Desmuramylpeptides with Acridine/Acridone Derivatives

Synthesis and antitumor activity of conjugates of muramyldipeptide or normuramyldipeptide with hydroxyacridine/acridone derivatives.