Polymer electrolytes based on interactions between [solvent-Li+] complex and solvent-modified polymer

Polymer Electrolytes Based on Interactions between [Solvent-Li+] Complex and Solvent-Modified Polymer

This article presents a comparative analysis of three distinct zirconia-inserted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer matrices. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for the study of structural, chemical composition (functional groups), and morphological properties. Changes in IR bands revealed the interaction of nanofillers with the PVA matrix. ZrO2 added sample shows the lowest degree of crystallinity with the least free volume compared to pristine PVA. Threadlike chains and scattershot crystal morphologies were seen in AFM images, and the PVA/ZrO2 has the lowest level of roughness (1.27 nm). Positron annihilation lifetime profile showed identical behavior for τ3, τ2, and their intensities I3,I2. ZrO2 nanoparticles had a better interfacial interaction with the PVA matrix, which resulted in a higher Tg and shorter o-Ps lifetime (τ3). The positron trapping rate increased for ZrO2/PVA polymer ceramic composite (PCC), which indicated that both volume expansion and vacancy trapping effects occur when the positrons are effectively trapped at vacancies. The Nyquist plot for dielectric measurement was investigated, and an equivalent circuit model was used to evaluate variables such as carrier concentration (n), mobility (μ), and diffusion coefficient/ diffusivity (D). Ionic conductivity of 2.77 × 10−7 S cm−1 was recorded for the ZrO2/PVA sample. This might be due to a change (increase) in the carrier concentration. 

Exploration of free volume behavior and ionic conductivity of PVA: x (x = 0, Y2O3, ZrO2, YSZ) ion-oxide conducting polymer ceramic composites

In this research, nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes (NCSPEs) comprising methylcellulose/pectin (MC/PC) blend as host polymer, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as an ion source, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as nanofillers were synthesized via a solution cast methodology. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were employed to characterize the electrolyte. FTIR confirmed that the polymers, NH4Cl salt, and ZnO nanofiller interact with one another appreciably. EIS demonstrated the feasibility of achieving a conductivity of 3.13 × 10−4 Scm−1 for the optimum electrolyte at room temperature. Using the dielectric formalism technique, the dielectric properties, energy modulus, and relaxation time of NH4Cl in MC/PC/NH4Cl and MC/PC/NH4Cl/ZnO systems were determined. The contribution of chain dynamics and ion mobility was acknowledged by the presence of a peak in the imaginary portion of the modulus study. The LSV measurement yielded 4.55 V for the comparatively highest conductivity NCSPE.

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Substantial Proton Ion Conduction in Methylcellulose/Pectin/Ammonium Chloride Based Solid Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes: Effect of ZnO Nanofiller

Multiply cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanofiber composite ionic conductive hydrogels for strain sensors.

Abstract In this paper, we report the effect of doping sodium iodide (NaI) salt into a polymer blend matrix of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Solution casting approach was used to prepare solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films. The films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), electrical impedance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD showed that NaI incorporation decreased the crystallinity of NaCMC/PVA-based SPE. FTIR technique confirmed the complexation of salt with polymer matrix due to the formation of the coordination bond between Na + and –OH group and hydrogen bond between I − and –CH group. The sample with 30 wt% NaI showed the highest conductivity of 2.52 × 10 –3 S cm −1 , strongly influenced by the highest charge concentration $$(n)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , not its mobility ( μ ). DSC analysis revealed an increase in glass transition temperature $$({T}_{g})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with increasing salt content. TGA studies showed a decrease in thermal stability with salt inclusion. The transference number was found to be 0.99 for the highest conducting sample showing the primary charge carriers are ions. The highest conducting sample exhibited a mechanical strength of 15.42 MPa at room temperature, and it has been used to fabricate a battery to evaluate its suitability in energy storage devices. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract created with https://biorender.com . 

/pdf/ionic-conductivity-enhancement-of-pva-carboxymethyl-vg9cjlih.pdf

Ionic conductivity enhancement of PVA: carboxymethyl cellulose poly-blend electrolyte films through the doping of NaI salt

We report a trimethyl phosphate (TMP) based sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for safer electrochemical applications. The physical investigations reveal superior amorphicity and thermal stability of electrolyte utilizing TMP solvent as compared to the conventionally used binary mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). The TMP based electrolyte membrane displays better ionic conductivity (∼ 1.40 mS cm−1) as compared to the membrane with EC:PC solvent mixture (∼ 0.72 mS cm−1) at 30°C with higher electrochemical stability window of ∼ 4.5 V and superior Na+ transport characteristics. The TMP based electrolyte has been utilized for proto-type sodium battery and EDLC application. The proto-type Na battery displays an open circuit potential of ∼ 2.3 V and specific discharge capacity of ∼ 225 mA h g−1. The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) fabricated using the TMP based electrolyte and activated carbon electrodes shows specific capacitance of ∼100 F g−1 and is stable up to 4000 charge–discharge cycles. 

Sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for sodium batteries and electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Studies on the ZnCl2 activated carbons derived from Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves for EDLC application

Investigations on partially exfoliated graphite as electrode material for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

A facile methodology system for synthesizing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on methylcellulose, dextran, lithium perchlorate (as ionic sources), and glycerol (such as a plasticizer) (MC:Dex:LiClO4:Glycerol) has been implemented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two imperative electrochemical techniques, including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were performed on the films to analyze their structural and electrical properties. The FTIR spectra verify the interactions between the electrolyte components. Following this, a further calculation was performed to determine free ions (FI) and contact ion pairs (CIP) from the deconvolution of the peak associated with the anion. It is verified that the electrolyte containing the highest amount of glycerol plasticizer (MDLG3) has shown a maximum conductivity of 1.45 × 10−3 S cm−1. Moreover, for other transport parameters, the mobility (μ), number density (n), and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions were enhanced effectively. The transference number measurement (TNM) of electrons (tel) was 0.024 and 0.976 corresponding to ions (tion). One of the prepared samples (MDLG3) had 3.0 V as the voltage stability of the electrolyte.

/pdf/electrochemical-and-ion-transport-studies-of-li-ion-36m08onn.pdf

Kuldeep Mishra

Papers

Ionic conductivity enhancement of PVA: carboxymethyl cellulose poly-blend electrolyte films through the doping of NaI salt

Sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for sodium batteries and electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Studies on the ZnCl2 activated carbons derived from Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves for EDLC application

Investigations on partially exfoliated graphite as electrode material for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Electrochemical and Ion Transport Studies of Li+ Ion-Conducting MC-Based Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes