https://zenodo.org/record/1000724/files/article.pdf

An evidence-based environmental perspective of manufactured silver nanoparticle in syntheses and applications: a systematic review and critical appraisal of peer-reviewed scientific papers.

This is a review on recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in printed electronics, with particular emphasis on inkjet printing of ink formulations based on metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets. The review describes the basic properties of conductive nanomaterials suitable for printed electronics (metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), their stabilization in dispersions, formulations of conductive inks, and obtaining conductive patterns by using various sintering methods. Applications of conductive nanomaterials for electronic devices (transparent electrodes, metallization of solar cells, RFID antennas, TFTs, and light emitting devices) are also briefly reviewed.

Conductive Nanomaterials for Printed Electronics

An apparatus comprising a deformable lens element can be provided wherein a deformable lens element can be deformed to change an optical property thereof by the impartation of a force to the deformable lens element.

Apparatus and method comprising deformable lens element

A controlled and up-scalable biosynthetic route to nanocrystalline silver particles with well-defined morphology using cell-free aqueous filtrate of a non-pathogenic and commercially viable biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum is being reported for the first time. A transparent solution of the cell-free filtrate of Trichoderma asperellum containing 1 mM AgNO3 turns progressively dark brown within 5 d of incubation at 25 °C. The kinetics of the reaction was studied using UV–vis spectroscopy. An intense surface plasmon resonance band at ~410 nm in the UV–vis spectrum clearly reveals the formation of silver nanoparticles. The size of the silver particles using TEM and XRD studies is found to be in the range 13–18 nm. These nanoparticles are found to be highly stable and even after prolonged storage for over 6 months they do not show significant aggregation. A plausible mechanism behind the formation of silver nanoparticles and their stabilization via capping has been investigated using FTIR and surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/19/7/075103/pdf

Green synthesis of highly stabilized nanocrystalline silver particles by a non-pathogenic and agriculturally important fungus T. asperellum.

Systems and methods for making and using handheld data readers comprising one or more fluid lenses. One or more fluid lenses are provided to allow a handheld data reader to perform such operations as reading indicia, including such additional operations as zooming, reorienting a viewing direction, focusing, adjusting an optical axis, and correcting for the effects of motion such as hand jitter. The fluid lens or lenses can be operated for example by applying electrical signals to fluid lenses comprising a plurality of fluids including at least one that is conductive and at least one that is non-conductive.

Data reader apparatus having an adaptive lens

Copper nanoparticles are being given considerable attention as of late due to their interesting properties and potential applications in many areas of industry. One such exploitable use is as the major constituent of conductive inks and pastes used for printing various electronic components. In this study, copper nanoparticles were synthesized through a relatively large-scale (5 l), high-throughput (0.2 M) process. This facile method occurs through the chemical reduction of copper sulfate with sodium hypophosphite in ethylene glycol within the presence of a polymer surfactant (PVP), which was included to prevent aggregation and give dispersion stability to the resulting colloidal nanoparticles. Reaction yields were determined to be quantitative while particle dispersion yields were between 68 and 73%. The size of the copper nanoparticles could be controlled between 30 and 65 nm by varying the reaction time, reaction temperature, and relative ratio of copper sulfate to the surfactant. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the particles revealed a spherical shape within the reported size regime, and x-ray analysis confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) metallic copper. Furthermore, inkjet printing nanocopper inks prepared from the polymer-stabilized copper nanoparticles onto polyimide substrates resulted in metallic copper traces with low electrical resistivities (≥3.6 µΩ cm, or ≥2.2 times the resistivity of bulk copper) after a relatively low-temperature sintering process (200 °C for up to 60 min).

/pdf/large-scale-synthesis-of-copper-nanoparticles-by-chemically-khxyu1dl3s.pdf

Large-scale synthesis of copper nanoparticles by chemically controlled reduction for applications of inkjet-printed electronics.

An organometallic route to highly monodispersed silver nanoparticles and their application to ink-jet printing

In this study, we attempted to synthesize organic-soluble silver nanoparticles in the concentrated organic phase with an environmentally friendly method. The fully organic phase system contains silver acetate as a silver precursor, oleic acid as both a medium and a capping molecule, and tin acetate as a reducing agent. Monodisperse silver nanoparticles with average diameters of ca. 5 nm can be easily synthesized at large scale. Only a small usage of tin acetate ( 90%). Also, it was investigated that the residual tin atom does not exist in the synthesized silver nanoparticles. This implied that tin acetate acts as a reducing catalyst.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/18/33/335601/pdf

Environmentally friendly synthesis of organic-soluble silver nanoparticles for printed electronics

Direct synthesis and bonding origins of monolayer-protected silver nanocrystals from silver nitrate through in situ ligand exchange.

The present invention relates to a method for producing metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles produced thereby, in particular, to a method for producing metal nanoparticles used for inkjet that comprises, preparing metal nanoparticles capped with a fatty acid; heating a mixture of the capped metal nanoparticles and a linear or branched first amine of C1-C7 so that a part of the fatty acid is substituted to the first amine; and heating after adding a linear or branched second amine of C8-C20 to the mixture so that the first amine is re-substituted to the second amine. According to the present invention, metal nanoparticles capped with 2 kinds of dispersants can be produced massively, and its application to ink for inkjet technique can lower the curing temperature of ink.

Kwi Jong Lee

Papers

Large-scale synthesis of copper nanoparticles by chemically controlled reduction for applications of inkjet-printed electronics.

An organometallic route to highly monodispersed silver nanoparticles and their application to ink-jet printing

Environmentally friendly synthesis of organic-soluble silver nanoparticles for printed electronics

Direct synthesis and bonding origins of monolayer-protected silver nanocrystals from silver nitrate through in situ ligand exchange.

Method for producing metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles produced thereby