http://ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Mtahghighat/tfood/asil-article/r-z/Protective-effect-of-curcumin-against-heavy-metals-induced-liver-damage_2014_Food-and-Chemical-Toxicology.pdf

Protective effect of curcumin against heavy metals-induced liver damage.

With the advent of nicotine replacement therapy, the consumption of the nicotine is on the rise. Nicotine is considered to be a safer alternative of tobacco. The IARC monograph has not included nicotine as a carcinogen. However there are various studies which show otherwise. We undertook this review to specifically evaluate the effects of nicotine on the various organ systems. A computer aided search of the Medline and PubMed database was done using a combination of the keywords. All the animal and human studies investigating only the role of nicotine were included. Nicotine poses several health hazards. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal disorders. There is decreased immune response and it also poses ill impacts on the reproductive health. It affects the cell proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA mutation by various mechanisms which leads to cancer. It also affects the tumor proliferation and metastasis and causes resistance to chemo and radio therapeutic agents. The use of nicotine needs regulation. The sale of nicotine should be under supervision of trained medical personnel.

/pdf/harmful-effects-of-nicotine-5ffs5x7fcz.pdf

Harmful effects of nicotine

Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S; Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) Collaborative Group. Lancet . 2006;367:749–753 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey assessed current tobacco use and exposure among young teenagers and evaluated susceptibility to starting smoking among nonsmokers. STUDY POPULATION. Students aged 13 to 15 years ( N = 747 603) at 395 sites in 131 countries and the Gaza Strip and West Bank. METHODS. Students completed questionnaires to assess current tobacco use, cigarette smoking, susceptibility to smoking among nonsmokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke in homes and public places. Susceptibility to smoking was defined as an answer other than “definitely not” when asked if they would smoke a cigarette offered by a best friend or if they thought they would smoke at any time in the next 12 months. RESULTS. Among all students, 17.3% currently used tobacco products and 8.9% currently smoked cigarettes. Current tobacco-product use was highest in the region of the Americas (22.2%), and current cigarette smoking was highest in the European region (17.9%) and region of the Americas (17.5%). Among students who had never smoked cigarettes, 18.3% reported susceptibility to smoking during the coming year. Susceptibility was highest in the European region (30.5%) and the region of the Americas (24.8%). Measures of use, susceptibility, and exposure were similar for boys and girls. Worldwide, never-smokers were less likely than current smokers to report exposure to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence: 39.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 36.6–41.6] vs 72.8% [95% CI: 64.0–81.6]) and in public places (prevalence: 49.5% [95% CI: 46.7–52.3] vs 81.2% [95% CI: 74.2–88.2]). CONCLUSIONS. Although tobacco exposure and susceptibility remain high among young teenagers, this study demonstrated a significant association between lower secondhand cigarette-smoke exposure and never smoking. REVIEWER COMMENTS. Cigarette smoke is a common respiratory irritant that contributes to exacerbations of childhood asthma and rhinitis. This study provided evidence supporting the association between lower secondhand cigarette-smoke exposure and never smoking among young teenagers, which suggests an additional reason to counsel patients and their families regarding the immediate and long-term risks of exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke and cigarette smoking.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/120/Supplement_3/S112.full.pdf

Patterns of Global Tobacco Use in Young People and Implications for Future Chronic Disease Burden in Adults

Regulation of multidrug resistance by microRNAs in anti-cancer therapy.

The current study was aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extract (IOLE) on lead acetate (PbAc)-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male Wistar rats. PbAc was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 5 days alone or in combination with the IOLE (100 mg/kg). Liver lead concentration and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and glutathione content were investigated in addition to the enzymatic antioxidant activities. PbAc injection caused a significant elevation in the liver function parameters, lead level, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, with a concomitant decline in the glutathione content compared with the control, accompanied by a significant inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities. The induction of oxidative stress, lead accumulation, and histological alterations in the liver were successfully minimized by pre-administration of IOLE. In addition, the PbAc group showed increase in the levels of Bax, caspase-3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteins, while the expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased. Prior administration of IOLE significantly mitigated apoptosis and fibrosis in the liver. Finally, the major components in I. oblongifolia extract were identified as polyphenols, flavonoids, and organic acids using liquid chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy. Thus, the findings of the current study revealed that I. oblongifolia had protective, anti-fibrotic, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities on PbAc-induced hepatotoxicity. The beneficial effects of I. oblongifolia were in part mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

/pdf/indigofera-oblongifolia-prevents-lead-acetate-induced-44irl9juix.pdf

Indigofera oblongifolia Prevents Lead Acetate-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis and Apoptosis in Rats

Nicotine-induced over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoid and activated glucocorticoid metabolism causes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic alterations in fetal rats

Prenatal nicotine exposure induced a hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic programmed alteration in intrauterine growth retardation offspring rats

The chronic effects of low lead level on the expressions of Nrf2 and Mrp1 of the testes in the rats

The accumulation and efflux of lead partly depend on ATP-dependent efflux pump–multidrug resistance protein 1 and glutathione in testis Sertoli cells

This study was designed to investigate the direct effects of fatty acids (FAs) on the cell viability and the expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in LO2 human liver cells. Palmitate (PA), oleate (OA) and docosahaexenoic acid (DHA) were used to represent saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs, respectively. At concentrations of ≤3.2 µg/ml, treatment with single FAs increased the viability of the LO2 cells. At FA concentrations of >3.2 µg/ml, cell viability following OA treatment was increased, but PA or DHA treatment at these concentrations reduced cell viability. Administration of mixtures of these FAs in three ratios (PA:OA:DHA = 1:2:1, 1:1:1 and 1:1:2, respectively) increased the cell viability compared with the control group. The intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels following all types of treatment were significantly increased and the accumulation of TGs was markedly increased with high doses of DHA. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ was significantly upregulated in all groups, with the exception of the 1:1:1 group at 3.2 µg/ml and the 1:1:2 group at 12.8 µg/ml. The expression levels of sterol regulatory-element binding protein‑1c, liver X receptor α and apolipoprotein C‑I were significantly reduced in all groups with the exception of the DHA‑treated group and the 1:2:1 groups at 3.2 and 12.8 µg/ml. In conclusion, these results indicate that the type, concentration and mixture ratios of FAs are all important in determining the cell viability and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in LO2 hepatocytes.

/pdf/effects-of-individual-and-multiple-fatty-acids-palmitate-4s09q7ur3s.pdf

Effects of individual and multiple fatty acids (palmitate, oleate and docosahaexenoic acid) on cell viability and lipid metabolism in LO2 human liver cells

L.B. Chen

Papers

Nicotine-induced over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoid and activated glucocorticoid metabolism causes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic alterations in fetal rats

Prenatal nicotine exposure induced a hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic programmed alteration in intrauterine growth retardation offspring rats

The chronic effects of low lead level on the expressions of Nrf2 and Mrp1 of the testes in the rats

The accumulation and efflux of lead partly depend on ATP-dependent efflux pump–multidrug resistance protein 1 and glutathione in testis Sertoli cells

Effects of individual and multiple fatty acids (palmitate, oleate and docosahaexenoic acid) on cell viability and lipid metabolism in LO2 human liver cells