Showing papers by "L. Gauthier published in 2022"

A new direction in managing avulsed teeth: stem cell-based de novo PDL regeneration

Abstract: Management of avulsed teeth after replantation often leads to an unfavorable outcome. Damage to the thin and vulnerable periodontal ligament is the key reason for failure. Cell- or stem cell-based regenerative medicine has emerged in the past two decades as a promising clinical treatment modality to improve treatment outcomes. This concept has also been tested for the management of avulsed teeth in animal models. This review focuses on the discussion of limitation of current management protocols for avulsed teeth, cell-based therapy for periodontal ligament (PDL) regeneration in small and large animals, the challenges of de novo regeneration of PDL on denuded root in the edentulous region using a mini-swine model, and establishing a prospective new clinical protocol to manage avulsed teeth based on the current progress of cell-based PDL regeneration studies.

Crystal-field states and defect levels in candidate quantum spin ice Ce$_{2}$Hf$_{2}$O$_{7}$

Abstract: We report the synthesis of powder and single-crystal samples of the cerium pyrohafnate and their characterization using neutron diffraction, thermogravimetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We evaluate the amount of non-magnetic Ce 4+ defects and use this result to interpret the spectrum of crystal-electric field transitions observed using inelastic neutron scattering. The analysis of these single-ion transitions indicates the dipole-octupole nature of the ground state doublet and a signif-icant degree of spin-lattice coupling. The single-ion properties calculated from the crystal-electric field parameters obtained spectroscopically are in good agreement with bulk magnetic susceptibility data down to about 1 K. Below this temperature, the behavior of the magnetic susceptibility indicates a correlated regime without showing any sign of magnetic long-range order or freezing down to 0.08 K. We conclude that Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7 is another candidate to investigate exotic correlated states of quantum matter such as the octupolar quantum spin ice recently argued to exist in the isostructural compounds Ce 2 Sn 2 O 7 and Ce 2 Zr 2 O 7 .

Sensitivity Study on Species Diffusion Models in Turbulent Combustion of Hydrogen/air Jet in Crossflow Structure

Abstract: CFD approach has been intensively used for novel hydrogen combustion technologies as well as emissions prediction. In order to minimise time and costs, simplified combustion CFD models have been developed to take into account of the effect of turbulence-chemistry interactions, coupled with both RANS and LES models. These models often employ assumptions that have been validated for conventional fuels such as Jet-A1 and natural gas. It is clear that the preferential diffusion and thermal diffusion play a vital role in hydrogen laminar premixed flames. Conventionally, it is believed that for high Re cases, turbulent diffusion is dominant, preferential diffusion and thermal diffusion only have a minor effect. For highly turbulent non-premixed flames, these effects have not been fully investigated. The appropriate modelling of these effects is essential for reaction rate, flame temperature and emissions prediction. There is a need to study the sensitivity of different species diffusion models for hydrogen-air flames. Within the current study, a single micromix injector burning a hydrogen air mixture with an overall equivalence ratio of 0.4 has been simulated in a systematic RANS campaign, and compared with LES. The RANS campaign employs two combustion models: FGM with the kinetic rate closure and Complex Chemistry (CC) with both the laminar flame concept (LFC) and eddy dissipation concept (EDC) closures. The LES employs the same combustion models. The sensitivity of Lewis and Schmidt numbers have been investigated for FGM and EDC model. As expected, FGM is insensitive to the value of Le and Sc whereas for LFC, significant changes have been observed between Le = 0.25 and 0.5, Sc = 0.5 and 0.75. Several species diffusion coefficient models have been used with both LFC and EDC, including: mixture averaged, multi-component and multi-component with thermal diffusion coefficients. All three approaches of modelling molecular diffusivity yielded flame lengths and temperatures of a similar order. The micromix flame was found to be a mixture of both premixed and non-premixed, with jets of strongly premixed and non-premixed originating from the hydrogen injectors. The sensitivity of turbulent Sc and Le numbers has also been studied with LFC models. It was clearly shown that these changes lead to more significant variation in flame length and temperature compared to those caused by different molecular diffusivity models. LES results with various multi-component diffusion models are compared, the results are in better agreement relative to RANS with different models. The similarity in flame length and insensitivity to CC closure type demonstrates the dominance of turbulence in determining flame structure, through turbulent mixing.

Validation and Assessment of a Numerical Methodology for Turbulent Liquid Fuel Jets in High-Speed Crossflow

Abstract: For lean combustion technology, sufficient mixing between fuel and air helps to move away from stoichiometric combustion, the flame temperature of which enormously promotes the production of harmful pollutants. Good fuel-air mixing is also essential to avoid fuel-rich pockets, where unburnt hydrocarbon and soot are likely to be produced. For low emissions gas turbines using liquid fuels, such as diesel, jet in crossflow is one the approaches to achieve efficient liquid jet breakup and evaporation as well as superior mixing characteristics. In order to develop low emissions fuel spray technologies that use transverse jets, it is important that the current numerical tools have the ability to accurately predict the jet breakup, both primary and secondary, evaporation mechanisms, to properly assess the performance of an injector design. However, because the numerical tools often use model constants that are calibrated with experimental data mostly only applicable to a specific range of operating conditions, a particular test fluid or injection method, it is very challenging to assess the accuracy of the predicted results without further experimental validation. To the author’s best knowledge, the breakup mechanism and the predictive capabilities of the breakup models used to guide the design of novel injectors for fuel transverse jets at elevated pressure and high-speed turbulent crossflow have not been reported in full detail. Thus, the main focus of this study is to compare and assess the capabilities of the breakup models used in state-of-the-art CFD, including a stochastic approach that relies less on experimental model constants, to predict the spray characteristics of turbulent jets in crossflow at different pressures, gas Weber numbers and momentum flux ratios that are more representative of gas turbine applications. This study will be conducted by using Simcenter STAR-CCM+. The simulated results will be compared to experimental data to validate and calibrate the breakup models through a parametric and sensitivity study.

Crystal-field states and defect levels in candidate quantum spin ice Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7

Abstract: We report the synthesis of powder and single-crystal samples of the cerium pyrohafnate and their characterization using neutron diffraction, thermogravimetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We evaluate the amount of non-magnetic Ce 4+ defects and use this result to interpret the spectrum of crystal-electric field transitions observed using inelastic neutron scattering. The analysis of these single-ion transitions indicates the dipole-octupole nature of the ground state doublet and a signif-icant degree of spin-lattice coupling. The single-ion properties calculated from the crystal-electric field parameters obtained spectroscopically are in good agreement with bulk magnetic susceptibility data down to about 1 K. Below this temperature, the behavior of the magnetic susceptibility indicates a correlated regime without showing any sign of magnetic long-range order or freezing down to 0.08 K. We conclude that Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7 is another candidate to investigate exotic correlated states of quantum matter such as the octupolar quantum spin ice recently argued to exist in the isostructural compounds Ce 2 Sn 2 O 7 and Ce 2 Zr 2 O 7 .

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Abstract: We report the synthesis of powder and single-crystal samples of cerium pyrohafnate and their characterization using neutron diffraction, thermogravimetry and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. We evaluate the amount of nonmagnetic ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{4+}$ defects and use this result to interpret the spectrum of crystal-electric field transitions observed using inelastic neutron scattering. The analysis of these single-ion transitions indicates the dipole-octupole nature of the ground-state doublet and a significant degree of spin-lattice coupling. The single-ion properties calculated from the crystal-electric field parameters obtained spectroscopically are in good agreement with bulk magnetic susceptibility data down to about 1 K. Below this temperature, the behavior of the magnetic susceptibility indicates a correlated regime without showing any sign of magnetic long-range order or freezing down to 0.08 K. We conclude that ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{Hf}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is another candidate to investigate exotic correlated states of quantum matter, such as the octupolar quantum spin ice recently argued to exist in the isostructural compounds ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$.