Silicon offers multiple advantages to power circuit designers, but at the same time suffers from limitations that are inherent to silicon material properties, such as low bandgap energy, low thermal conductivity, and switching frequency limitations. Wide bandgap semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), provide larger bandgaps, higher breakdown electric field, and higher thermal conductivity. Power semiconductor devices made with SiC and GaN are capable of higher blocking voltages, higher switching frequencies, and higher junction temperatures than silicon devices. SiC is by far the most advanced material and, hence, is the subject of attention from power electronics and systems designers. This paper looks at the benefits of using SiC in power electronics applications, reviews the current state of the art, and shows how SiC can be a strong and viable candidate for future power electronics and systems applications.

Silicon carbide benefits and advantages for power electronics circuits and systems

Power electronics technology has gone through dynamic evolution in the last four decades. Recently, its applications are fast expanding in industrial, commercial, residential, transportation, utility, aerospace, and military environments primarily due to reduction of cost, size, and improvement of performance. In the global industrial automation, energy conservation, and environmental pollution control trends of the 21st century, the widespread impact of power electronics is inevitable. It appears that the role of power electronics on our society in the future will tend to be as important and versatile as that of information technology today. In this paper, the importance of power electronics will be discussed after a brief historial introduction in the beginning. Then, the recent advances of power semiconductor devices, converters, variable-frequency AC drives, and advanced control and estimation techniques will be reviewed briefly. Unlike a traditional technology survey paper, the number of figures is kept intentionally small in favor of the text within the length constraint of this paper. The prognosis of different areas will be highlighted wherever possible based on the author's own knowledge and experience. In conclusion and future scenario, the trend of power electronics and motor drives along with some possible research and development areas will be highlighted.

Power Electronics and Motor Drives Recent Progress and Perspective

A review of high-performance, state-of-the-art, active power-factor-correction (PFC) techniques for high-power, single-phase applications is presented. The merits and limitations of several PFC techniques that are used in today's network-server and telecom power supplies to maximize their conversion efficiencies are discussed. These techniques include various zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching, active-snubber approaches employed to reduce reverse-recovery-related switching losses, as well as techniques for the minimization of the conduction losses. Finally, the effect of recent advancements in semiconductor technology, primarily silicon-carbide technology, on the performance and design considerations of PFC converters is discussed.

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State-of-the-art, single-phase, active power-factor-correction techniques for high-power applications - an overview

Superjunction has arguably been the most creative and important concept in the power device field since the introduction of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in the 1980s. It is the only concept known today that has challenged and ultimately proved wrong the well-known theoretical study on the limit of silicon in high-voltage devices. This paper deals with the history, device and process development, and the future prospects of Superjunction technologies. It covers fundamental physics, technological challenges as well as aspects of design and modeling of unipolar devices, such as CoolMOS. The superjunction concept is compared to other methods of enhancing the conductivity of power devices (from bipolar to employment of wide-bandgap materials) to derive its set of benefits and limitations. This paper closes with the application of the superjunction concept to other structures or materials, such as terminations, superjunction IGBTs, or silicon carbide Field Effect Transistors (FETs).

Superjunction Power Devices, History, Development, and Future Prospects

Power semiconductor devices having tapered insulating regions include a drift region of first conductivity type therein and first and second trenches in the substrate. The first and second trenches have first and second opposing sidewalls, respectively, that define a mesa therebetween into which the drift region extends. An electrically insulating region having tapered sidewalls is also provided in each of the trenches. The tapered thickness of each of the electrically insulating regions enhances the degree of uniformity of the electric field along the sidewalls of the trenches and in the mesa and allows the power device to support higher blocking voltages despite a high concentration of dopants in the drift region. In particular, an electrically insulating region lines the first sidewall of the first trench and has a nonuniform thickness T ins (y) in a range between about 0.5 and 1.5 times T ideal (y), where T ideal (y)| y≧α =e ins ((2e s E cr /qW m N d )(Y−α)−¼W m )e s and e ins is the permittivity of the electrically insulating region, e s is the permittivity of the drift region, E cr is the breakdown electric field strength of the drift region, q is the electron charge, N d is the first conductivity type doping concentration in the drift region, W m is a width of the mesa, y is the depth, relative to a top of the first trench, at which the thickness of the electrically insulating region is being determined and α is a constant. The constant a may equal zero in the event the power device is a Schottky rectifier and may equal the depth of the P-base region/N-drift region junction in the event the power device is a vertical MOSFET.

Methods of forming power semiconductor devices having tapered trench-based insulating regions therein

Recently, a new technology for high voltage power MOSFETs has been introduced: the CoolMOS/sup TM/. Based on the new device concept of charge compensation, the R/sub DS(on)/ area product for e.g. 600 V transistors has been reduced by a factor of 5. The devices show no bipolar current contribution like the well known tail current observed during the turn-off phase of IGBTs. CoolMOS/sup TM/ virtually combines the low switching losses of a MOSFET with the on-state losses of an IGBT. Furthermore, the dependence of R/sub DS(on)/ on the breakdown voltage has been redefined. The more than square-law dependence in the case of standard MOSFET has been broken and a linear voltage dependence achieved. This opens the way to new fields of application even without avalanche operation. System miniaturization, higher switching frequencies, lower circuit parasitics, higher efficiency, and reduced system costs are pointing the way towards future developments. Not only has the new technology achieved breakthrough at reduced R/sub DS(on)/ values, but new benchmarks have also been set for the device capacitances. Due to chip shrinkage and a novel internal structure, the technology shows both a very small input capacitance and a strongly nonlinear output capacitance. The drastically lower gate charge facilitates and reduces the cost of controllability, and the smaller feedback capacitance reduces the dynamic losses. With this new technology, the minimum R/sub DS(on)/ values in all packages are being redefined in the important 600-1000 V categories.

COOLMOS/sup TM/-a new milestone in high voltage power MOS

In order to select a suitable semiconductor switch for drive systems, the electrical requirements of the power semiconductor must be specified. The most important details are: the switching frequency, control characteristics, cooling and SOA regioh as well as shortcircuit withstand capability and controlled response to short-circuits. These electrical parameters for the most important switch concepts such as the bipolar transistor, IGBT, MOSFET and BIM)S are assessed in this paper. In particular, the dynamic electrical values are compared, the effectiveness of the switches for the different switching frequencies are shown and the short-circuit withstand capability of the switches is assessed.

L. Lorenz

Papers

COOLMOS/sup TM/-a new milestone in high voltage power MOS

Selection criteria for power semiconductors for motor drives

Coole leistungselektronik: wie die coo/mos-technologie die leistungselektronik revolutioniert