https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/287402/file/1125991.pdf

Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review

A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production

http://ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Mtahghighat/tfood/ARTICLES/meat/Improving_functional_value_of_meat_products.pdf

Improving functional value of meat products.

Enteric methane (CH4) emission is a major contributor to Canadian greenhouse gas emissions, and also a loss of feed energy during production. The objective of this paper is to provide an update on current management practices and new dietary strategies recently proposed to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminants. Existing mitigation strategies for dairy, e.g., the addition of ionophores, fats, use of high-quality forages, and increased use of grains, have been well researched and applied. These nutritional changes reduce CH4 emissions by manipulating ruminal fermentation, directly inhibiting methanogens and protozoa, or by diverting hydrogen ions away from methanogens. Current literature has identified new CH4 mitigation options. These include the addition of probiotics, acetogens, bacteriocins, archaeal viruses, organic acids, plant extracts (e.g., essential oils) to the diet, as well as immunization, and genetic selection of cows. These new strategies are promising, but more research is needed to validate t...

Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review

First described in 1843, Rumen protozoa with their striking appearance were assumed to be important for the welfare of their host. However, despite contributing up to 50% of the bio-mass in the rumen, the role of protozoa in rumen microbial ecosystem remains unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA libraries generated from the rumen of cattle, sheep, and goats has revealed an unexpected diversity of ciliated protozoa although variation in gene copy number between species makes it difficult to obtain absolute quantification. Despite repeated attempts it has proven impossible to maintain rumen protozoa in axenic culture. Thus it has been difficult to establish conclusively a role of ciliate protozoa in rumen fibre degradation. The development of techniques to clone and express ciliate genes in  phage, together with bioinformatic indices to confirm the ciliate origin of the genes has allowed the isolation and characterisation of fibrolytic genes from rumen protozoa. Elimination of the ciliate protozoa increases microbial protein supply by up to 30% and reduces methane production by up to 11%. Our recent findings suggest that holotrich protozoa play a disproportionate role in supporting methanogenesis whilst the small entodiniium are responsible for much of the bacterial protein turnover. As yet no method to control protozoa in the rumen that is safe and practically applicable has been developed, however a range of plant extract capable of controlling if not completely eliminating rumen protozoa have been described.

/pdf/the-role-of-ciliate-protozoa-in-the-rumen-1j1xgvpnbl.pdf

The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen

Effects of dietary sunflower seed oil on rumen protozoa population and tissue concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in sheep

Effects of Isotricha, Dasytricha, Entodinium, and total fauna on ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow in wethers fed different diets.

Naturally fauna-free (FF) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (Group A) and seven (Group B) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d The objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (NAN), total amino acid (TAA), and bacterial nitrogen (BN) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period The wethers in both groups were fed a diet based on corn silage, haylage, and soybean meal, and they remained FF during the first period At the beginning of each other period, the wethers were progressively inoculated intraruminally with one individual major species of ruminal ciliate protozoa or total fauna (TF) Thus, Group A was progressively inoculated (+) with Dasytricha ruminantium (DS), Polyplastron multivesiculatum (PP), Isotricha intestinalis (IS), Entodinium caudatum (EN) and TF-type A Also, Group B was progressively inoculated (+) with IS, DS, Epidinium ecaudatum (EP), Eudiplodinium maggi (EU), and EN Duodenal digesta and ruminal fluid were collected and sampled in each period on d 26 and 28, respectively, and subjected to chemical analyses A significantly higher (P < 05) pH (64) in ruminal fluid of the Group A wethers was obtained when each DS, DS+PP, DS-PP-IS+EN, and TF population was present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF (62) In the Group B wethers, pH (61) was lower (P < 05) for the population of IS-DS-EP+EU than for other populations (62 to 63) The concentration of total VFA in ruminal fluid was higher (P < 05) in the Group B wethers when IS, IS+DS, or IS-DS+EP populations were present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF The flow of NAN, TAA, and BN from the stomach to the intestinal tract was generally lower for different protozoa populations than for the FF period Largest decreases (P < 05) in the flow of NAN, TAA, and BN occurred when EN was added into the rumen of wethers in the A and B groups, which already contained populations of DS-PP+IS and IS-DS-EP+EU, respectively Holotrich protozoa had very little effect on the protein metabolism in the rumen, but cellulolytic protozoa (PP, EP, and EU) and EN decreased the efficiency of protein utilization by the ruminant host

Ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow following progressive inoculations of fauna-free wethers with major individual species of ciliate protozoa or total fauna.

L Neill

Papers

Effects of dietary sunflower seed oil on rumen protozoa population and tissue concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in sheep

Effects of Isotricha, Dasytricha, Entodinium, and total fauna on ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow in wethers fed different diets.

Ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow following progressive inoculations of fauna-free wethers with major individual species of ciliate protozoa or total fauna.

Effects of bentonite on rumen fermentation and duodenal flow of dietary components in sheep fed palm kernel cake by-product