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Electrospinning based on benign solvents: current definitions, implications and strategies

Synthesis of biocompatible chitosan decorated silver nanoparticles biocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer property

The over-growth and coagulation of nanoparticles is prevented using capping agents by the production of stearic effect that plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the interface. This strategy of coating the nanoparticles’ surface with capping agents is an emerging trend in assembling multipurpose nanoparticles that is beneficial for improving their physicochemical and biological behavior. The enhancement of reactivity and negligible toxicity is the outcome. In this review article, an attempt has been made to introduce the significance of different capping agents in the preparation of nanoparticles. Most importantly, we have highlighted the recent progress, existing roadblocks, and upcoming opportunities of using surface modified nanoparticles in nanomedicine from the drug and gene delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing perspectives.

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Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight

A Non-healing infected wound is an ever-growing global epidemic, with increasing burden of mortality rates and management costs. The problems of chronic wound infections and their outcomes will continue as long as their underlying causes like diabetic wounds grow and spread. Commercial wound therapies employed have limited potential that inhibits pivotal functions and tissue re-epithelialization properties resulting in wound infections. Nanomaterial based drug delivery formulations involving biological macromolecules are developing areas of interest in wound healing applications which are utilized in the re-epithelialization of skin with cost-effective preparations. Research conducted on nanofibers has shown enhanced skin establishment with improved cell proliferation and growth and delivery of bioactive organic molecules at the wound site. However, drug targeted delivery with anti-scarring properties and tissue regeneration aspects have not been updated and discussed in the case of macromolecule impregnated nanofibrous mats. Hence, this review focuses on the brief concepts of wound healing and wound management, therapeutic commercialized wound dressings currently available in the field of wound care, effective electrospun nanofibers impregnated with different biological macromolecules and advancement of nanomaterials for tissue engineering have been discussed. These new findings will pave the way for producing anti-scarring high effective wound scaffolds for drug delivery. 

Therapeutic applications of electrospun nanofibers impregnated with various biological macromolecules for effective wound healing strategy - A review.

Polymer composites are ubiquitous and indispensable in numerous applications. Coupling the inclusion of reinforcing agents with methods developed to control filler distribution and orientation allow for significant enhancement in mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier/transport-related properties of composites. For practical implementation, ideal approaches to fabricating polymer composites with directionally assembled fillers must consider manufacturing compatibility, scale-up ease, and aligning efficiency. In this article, we will review a cost-effective and industrially relevant toolbox for preferential filler alignment in polymer composites. Three main strategies for aligning fillers within polymer composites will be discussed. Specifically, solution casting and compression molding can introduce compression force to assemble fillers along the in-plane direction of composite films, shear force can be developed during fiber spinning, film blowing, and uniaxial/biaxial stretching processes to align fillers along the shear direction, and external fields (both electric and magnetic fields) can direct assembly of fillers, typically along the out-of-plane direction. For each section, we not only highlight the mechanisms of these methods but also demonstrate the critical structure–property relationships through model examples. Finally, a perspective on future opportunities and challenges of anisotropic and performance-enhanced polymer composite preparation strategies is provided, with a particular focus on additive manufacturing. 

Scalable methods for directional assembly of fillers in polymer composites: Creating pathways for improving material properties

Wound tissue regeneration and angiogenesis are dynamic processes that send physiological signals to the body. Thus, designing novel nanoscaffolds by understanding their surface modifications and toxicological response in a biological system with a potent anti-inflammatory response is a viable solution. In this respect, inspired by the surface chemistry, in the present work we focus on the chemical optimization of silver nanoscaffolds using surface cappings in order to understand their kinetic release behaviour in simulated wound fluids (SWF), to analyze their blood compatibility in human lymphocytes and erythrocytes and then embed them in a chitosan-agarose matrix (CAM) as a productive drug delivery system to evaluate in vivo excision wound tissue regeneration efficiency in Wistar rats. In this regard, polyvinyl alcohol capped silver nanocomposites (PVA-AgNPs) exhibit a dominant antibacterial efficacy with the sustained and controlled release of silver ions and percentage cell mortality and percentage hemolysis of only 10% and 16% compared with uncapped-AgNPs or silver bandaids (SBDs). Also, PVA-AgNP impregnated CAM (PVA-CAM) shows positive effects through their anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, with a nearly 95% healing effect within 9 days. The complete development of collagen and fibroblast constituents was also monitored in PVA-CAM by hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) and Masson trichrome (MT) staining. These results provide a clear insight into the development of a potent therapeutic formulation using CAM as a scaffold incorporated with surface functionalized PVA-AgNPs as a bioeffective and biocompatible polymer for the fabrication of efficacious silver wound dressing scaffolds in clinical practice.

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Effects and formulation of silver nanoscaffolds on cytotoxicity dependent ion release kinetics towards enhanced excision wound healing patterns in Wistar albino rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a predominant chronic metabolic syndrome, resulting in various complications and high mortality associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Approximately 15–30% of diabetic patients suffer from DFUs, which is expected to increase annually. The major challenges in treating DFUs are associated with wound infections, alterations to inflammatory responses, angiogenesis and lack of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Furthermore, the lack of targeted therapy and efficient wound dressings for diabetic wounds often results in extended hospitalization and limb amputations. Hence, it is essential to develop and improve DFU-specific therapies. Nanomaterial-based innovative approaches have tremendous potential for preventing and treating wound infections of bacterial origin. They have greater benefits compared to traditional wound dressing approaches. In this approach, the physiochemical features of nanomaterials allow researchers to employ different methods for diabetic wound healing applications. In this review, the status and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and amputations due to DFUs in India, the pathophysiology of DFUs and their complications are discussed. Additionally, nanomaterial-based approaches such as the use of nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, nanoliposomes and nanofibers for the treatment of DFUs are studied. Besides, emerging therapeutics such as bioengineered skin substitutes and nanomaterial-based innovative approaches such as antibacterial hyperthermia therapy and gene therapy for the treatment of DFUs are highlighted. The present nanomaterial-based techniques provide a strong base for future therapeutic approaches for skin regeneration strategies in the treatment of diabetic wounds.

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A review on contemporary nanomaterial-based therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with special reference to the Indian scenario

Wound management is a complex process that involves the application of tissue scaffolds/nanocomposites for wound healing treatment. An ideal wound dressing possesses excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility and effective antibacterial activity. The present study optimized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a eugenol microemulsion (EuME) incorporated with polyvinyl alcohol (synthetic polymer) to fabricate efficacious nanofibers via an electrospinning technique by optimizing polymer concentration, applied voltage, needle tip–collector distance and flow rate adjusted to 9%, 25 kV, 15 cm and 0.5 ml h−1 respectively. The results of SEM showed a homogeneous distribution of well-oriented electrospun nanofibers (ESNs) with a uniform pore diameter of 404.1 nm and elemental silver composition of 13.93%. The hydrogen bonding and physical interaction between the nanofibers were observed by FTIR. The thermal stability and specific functionality of nanofibers were investigated by TGA/DTA analysis. The synthesized eugenol microemulsion-silver nanoparticle nanofibers (EuME–AgNP–NFs) were compared with silver bandaid-suspended nanoparticle nanofibers (SBD–AgNP–NFs) to monitor the efficiency and toxicity in the biological system. The eugenol microemulsion-silver nanoparticles (EuME–AgNPs) exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. The silver release behaviour of EuME–AgNP–NFs showed sustained and controlled release of silver ions in the simulated wound fluid system. The interaction of EuME–AgNPs with lymphocytes and erythrocytes revealed the maximum rate of cell viability (69.81%) and minimum rate of red blood cell breakdown (19.44%) in the human biological system when compared with silver bandaid–silver nanoparticles (SBD–AgNPs). The fabricated EuME–AgNPs–NFs with effective antibacterial activity and sustained release of silver ions provide a suitable environment for wound healing and could be used for cut wounds in clinical practice.

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Eugenol micro-emulsion reinforced with silver nanocomposite electrospun mats for wound dressing strategies

Wound infections play a vital role in the development of chronic conditions resulting in delayed wound healing. The present work describes the fabrication of high efficacious electrospun nanofibers using an eugenol microemulsion (EuME) reinforced on a Chitosan/PVA (biopolymeric) matrix to fabricate bead-free and smooth eugenol microemulsion impregnated nanofibers (EuME-NFs). This was done by optimizing the concentration to 9%, electric voltage to 25 kV, needle tip to collector distance to 15 cm and flow rate adjusted to 0.5 ml/hr. Scanning electron micrographs revealed homogenous fabrication of well-aligned electrospun nanofibers oriented with an analogous fiber diameter. The physical interaction and hydrogen bonding between the fabricated nanofibers were determined using FTIR. The crystalline structure of the microemulsion reinforced nanofibers was evaluated using XRD. The prepared EuME-NFs were compared with cinnamon microemulsion loaded nanofibers (CinME-NFs) and clove microemulsion loaded nanofibers (CloME-NFs). The EuME-NFs revealed greater antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative). The hemocompatibility studies showed that EuME exhibited a minimum percentage of cell mortality (lymphocytes) (6.31%) and a minimum percentage of hemolysis (erythrocytes) (19.44%). The EuME-NFs with greater antibacterial efficacy and hemocompatibility profiles provide an appropriate microenvironment for wound dressing applications. 

Lakshimipriya Sethuram

Papers

Effects and formulation of silver nanoscaffolds on cytotoxicity dependent ion release kinetics towards enhanced excision wound healing patterns in Wistar albino rats

Therapeutic applications of electrospun nanofibers impregnated with various biological macromolecules for effective wound healing strategy - A review.

A review on contemporary nanomaterial-based therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with special reference to the Indian scenario

Eugenol micro-emulsion reinforced with silver nanocomposite electrospun mats for wound dressing strategies

Synthesis, fabrication and biosafety profiles of biobased microemulsions reinforced electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications