■ Abstract The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for un- derstanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarifi- cation of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology.

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Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment

Among the many traditions of research on "identity," two somewhat different yet strongly related strands of identity theory have developed. The first, reflected in the work of Stryker and colleagues, focuses on the linkages of social structures with identities. The second, reflected in the work of Burke and colleagues, focuses on the internal process of self-verification. In the present paper we review each of these strands and then discuss ways in which the two relate to and complement one another Each provides a context for the other: the relation of social structures to identities influences the process of self-verification, while the process of self-verification creates and sustains social structures. The paper concludes with examples of potentially useful applications of identity theory to other arenas of social psychology, and with a discussion of challenges that identity theory must meet to provide a clear understanding of the relation between self and society. The language of "identity" is ubiquitous in contemporary social science, cutting across psychoanalysis, psychology, political science, sociology, and history. The common usage of the term identity, however, belies the considerable variability in both its conceptual meanings and its theoretical role. Even when consideration is restricted to sociology and social psychology, variation is still considerable.'

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The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory*

The End of History and the Last Man

Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy

By Pierre Bourdieu (London: Routledge, 2010), xxx + 607 pp. £15.99 paper. A combination of social theory, statistical data, illustrations, and interviews, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judg...

Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste

Origins of Violence

Debate over the `agrarian question' has continued throughout this century. In recent years, however, partly arising from a renewed interest in Marxist theory, research into rural transformation in Latin America, Africa, and India has both attacked and modified the notion of undifferentiated `peasant societies' (Chayanov, Shanin), and approached the classical Marxist model of assumed differentiation (Marx, Engels, Kautsky) as an empirical question. Rejecting the a priori view that the peasantry in the Third World are being polarised into rural bourgeoisie and landless proletarians, recent research has identified the various forms of subsumption of small-holders to capital. A conflict of interest has been identified between indigenous and international finance capital, the former with an interest in differentiation and accumulation in the countryside, the latter preserving, though exploiting, a `non-accumulating middle peasantry'. It has also been argued that capitalist penetration of the countryside might ...

Class Formation within the Peasantry: Recent Theoretical Developments in the Analysis of the Peasantry with Specific Reference to the East African Debate

The drawing of boundaries has always been a key part of the Jewish tradition and has served to maintain a distinctive Jewish identity. At the same time, these boundaries have consistently been subject to negotiation, transgression and contestation. The increasing fragmentation of Judaism into competing claims to membership, from Orthodox adherence to secular identities, has brought striking new dimensions to this complex interplay of boundaries and modes of identity and belonging in contemporary Judaism.

Boundaries, Identity and Belonging in Modern Judaism addresses these new dimensions, bringing together experts in the field to explore the various and fluid modes of expressing and defining Jewish identity in the modern world. Its interdisciplinary scholarship opens new perspectives on the prominent questions challenging scholars in Jewish Studies. Beyond simply being born Jewish, observance of Judaism has become a lifestyle choice and active assertion. Addressing the demographic changes brought by population mobility and ‘marrying out,’ as well as the complex relationships between Israel and the Diaspora, this book reveals how these shifting boundaries play out in a global context, where Orthodoxy meets innovative ways of defining and acquiring Jewish identity.

Boundaries, identity and belonging in modern Judaism

Social Theory and Post-Communism

These comments arising from the Macpherson Report are made in the light of our research on racist violence in Greater Manchester. This study, funded by the ESRC as part of the Violence Research Programme, is still in progress and our findings at this stage are tentative. The focus of the study is mainly on the perpetrators of racist violence, but we have also obtained material on the response of the police and other agencies to racist attacks and harassment.

Larry Ray

Papers

Origins of Violence

Class Formation within the Peasantry: Recent Theoretical Developments in the Analysis of the Peasantry with Specific Reference to the East African Debate

Boundaries, identity and belonging in modern Judaism

Social Theory and Post-Communism

The Macpherson Report: A View from Greater Manchester: