The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

http://www.mtdna.or.kr/neowiz/board/up_files/files_17/Chitin_Chitosan_polymers_chemistrySolubilityFiberFormation.pdf

Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation

Ion exchange membranes: State of their development and perspective

https://www.imc.cas.cz/sympo/permea09/abstracts.pdf

Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications

Fouling on ion-exchange membranes: Classification, characterization and strategies of prevention and control.

Electrodialysis is an electrochemical process mainly used in industry for solution demineralization. A new type of membrane, the bipolar membrane, allows the electro-dissociation of water. The first industrial application of bipolar-membrane electrodialysis was oriented toward the recovery of acids and bases from salt streams. Recently, bipolar-membrane electrodialysis has been used to inhibit polyphenol oxidase in apple juice, the enzyme responsible for the enzymatic browning of cloudy juice, and to separate soybean proteins from other components without denaturing them, in order to produce protein isolates. Bipolar-membrane electrodialysis technology is an environmentally friendly technology with a wide-ranging application potential.

Bipolar-membrane electrodialysis: Applications of electrodialysis in the food industry

Food protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered a category of promising functional food ingredients. However, commercial application of protein hydrolysates and their constituent peptides can be impeded by their low bioavailability, bitter taste, hygroscopicity and likelihood of interacting with the food matrix. Encapsulation as a delivery mechanism can be used to overcome these challenges for improving the bioavailability and organoleptic properties of the peptides. Proteins, polysaccharides and lipids are the three carrier systems that have been utilized in food peptide encapsulation. The protein and polysaccharide systems mainly aim at masking the bitter taste and reducing the hygroscopicity of protein hydrolysates, whereas the lipid-based systems are intended for use in enhancing the bioavailability and biostability of encapsulated peptides. A spray drying technique is largely used to achieve microencapsulation in both protein and polysaccharide systems while, generally, liposomes are prepared by a film hydration technique. However, it is seen that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of peptides using the liposome model is relatively lower since the entropy-driven liposome formation is uncontrolled and spontaneous. Achieving adequate EE through cost effective techniques is indispensable for encapsulation to be applicable to bioactive peptide-based product commercialization. Furthermore, the design of high quality functional foods requires detailed understanding of the release mechanism and kinetics, gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability and physiological bioactivity of the encapsulated peptide products.

/pdf/encapsulation-of-food-protein-hydrolysates-and-peptides-a-4rk1jhy6gu.pdf

Encapsulation of food protein hydrolysates and peptides: a review

The consumption of polyphenols in green tea has been associated with beneficial health effects. Although polyphenols are unstable in the intestinal environment, they may be protected by interactions with dairy proteins during digestion. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of a green tea extract on the digestibility of different dairy matrices and to monitor the antioxidant activity of these matrices with or without the green tea extract during digestion in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. Milk, yogurt and cheese with similar fat-to-protein ratios were subjected to simulated digestion. Matrix degradation, protein and fat hydrolysis, polyphenol concentration and radical scavenging activity were analyzed during gastric and intestinal digestion phases. Cheese was the matrix most resistant to protein and fat digestion. The addition of the green tea extract significantly decreased proteolysis in the gastric phase but had no effect in the intestinal phase. The kinetics of fatty acid release was reduced by the presence of the green tea extract. Transition from the gastric phase to the intestinal phase induced a 50% decrease in the antioxidant activity of the control (tea extract dispersed in water) due to the degradation of polyphenols. The presence of dairy matrices significantly improved polyphenol stability in the intestinal phase and increased the antioxidant activity by 29% (cheese) to 42% (milk) compared to the control. These results suggest that simultaneous consumption of green tea and dairy products helps to maintain the integrity and antioxidant activity of polyphenols during digestion.

Interaction of green tea polyphenols with dairy matrices in a simulated gastrointestinal environment

Concentration and selective separation of bioactive peptides from an alfalfa white protein hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes

Laurent Bazinet

Papers

Fouling on ion-exchange membranes: Classification, characterization and strategies of prevention and control.

Bipolar-membrane electrodialysis: Applications of electrodialysis in the food industry

Encapsulation of food protein hydrolysates and peptides: a review

Interaction of green tea polyphenols with dairy matrices in a simulated gastrointestinal environment

Concentration and selective separation of bioactive peptides from an alfalfa white protein hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes