Thermophysical Properties Research Literature Retrieval Guide Edited by Y. S. Touloukian, J. K. Gerritsen and N. Y. Moore Second edition, revised and expanded. Book 1: Pp. xxi + 819. Book 2: Pp.621. Book 3: Pp. ix + 1315. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) n.p.

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Heat and Mass Transfer

Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow Until recently, however, the question, “Should we do this in flow?” has merely been an afterthought This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts

The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry

We present a droplet-based microfluidic technology that enables high-throughput screening of single mammalian cells. This integrated platform allows for the encapsulation of single cells and reagents in independent aqueous microdroplets (1 pL to 10 nL volumes) dispersed in an immiscible carrier oil and enables the digital manipulation of these reactors at a very high-throughput. Here, we validate a full droplet screening workflow by conducting a droplet-based cytotoxicity screen. To perform this screen, we first developed a droplet viability assay that permits the quantitative scoring of cell viability and growth within intact droplets. Next, we demonstrated the high viability of encapsulated human monocytic U937 cells over a period of 4 days. Finally, we developed an optically-coded droplet library enabling the identification of the droplets composition during the assay read-out. Using the integrated droplet technology, we screened a drug library for its cytotoxic effect against U937 cells. Taken together our droplet microfluidic platform is modular, robust, uses no moving parts, and has a wide range of potential applications including high-throughput single-cell analyses, combinatorial screening, and facilitating small sample analyses.

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Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high-throughput screening

Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the invention of entirely new biocatalytic reactions that were previously unknown in Nature. It is now eminently feasible to develop enzymatic transformations to fit predefined parameters, resulting in processes that are truly sustainable by design. This approach has successfully been applied, for example, in the industrial synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition to the use of protein engineering, other aspects of biocatalysis engineering, such as substrate, medium, and reactor engineering, can be utilized to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness and, hence, the sustainability of biocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, immobilization of an enzyme ...

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Role of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Chemistry

Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.

Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment

Optimisation of fine chemistry syntheses is often restricted to a dissociated approach of the process, lying in the separated determination of optimal conditions of each operating step. In this paper, a global approach of syntheses optimisation is presented. Focusing on the propylene glycol synthesis, this study highlights the benefits and the limits of the proposed methodology compared with a classical one.

A global approach for the optimisation of batch reaction-separation processes

A fast development method for batch to continuous process transposition is proposed. This method is based on transient regime experiment analyses and is applied to a solid-liquid extraction. The application under consideration is the extraction of an active principle from a plant in a non-sinusoidal pulsed column. Typically, the proposed signal is composed of two different periods: firstly, a classical sinusoidal pulsation step is used to mix the liquid and solid phases in the active part of the column and allow an optimal mass transfer and, secondly, an impulsion phase, used generally for the transport of solids. The extraction is carried out in a disc and doughnut column of 54 mm diameter and 3.5 m height. Liquid and solid are flowing co-currently and downwardly. This technological improvement has been implemented to solve the difficulties due to the significant heterogeneity of the matter: one part tends to float and other to sink, which always leads to a definitive flooding in classical operations. The effects of the solid flow rate and the solvent characteristics on the hydrodynamic behavior of the column are studied. The mean residence time and the total solid holdup are calculated by using a transient regime mass balance on the experimental results. These experiments allow the identification and quantification of opposite effects of the operating parameters. Mass transfer experiments have been performed and the results fit calculated values obtained by coupling the hydrodynamic and batch extraction results. Despite the simplifications made, this validates the fast development method proposed to help batch to continuous transposition.

Application to the Extraction of Andrographolide from Plants

In this paper, a study of kinetics effects on the reactive liquid-liquid extraction column is proposed. In a first part, design parameters of reactive liquid-liquid extraction column are derived from a method proposed by Mizzi (2016). In a second part, using a kinetic model, the performances of the column are studied with different configuration and design parameters. This study allows a comparison of the performances of the column in terms of conversion rate, recovery rate and purity. For the chosen examples, the kinetic limitation is very strong. So the unit operations of reactive liquid-liquid extraction with a high retention capacity will be privileged: a cascade of decanter mixers. In conclusion, this article shows that the choice of solvent and the parameters of the column as the solvent flowrate, the number of theoretical stage, liquid hold up or kinetics of the reaction have an important influence on the performances of the column and sometimes on the feasibility of the separation.

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Recovery of succinic acid in fermentation broth via reactive LL extraction: effect of chemical kinetics and solvent choice

The invention concerns a pulsed column for treating a system comprising a liquid phase and a solid phase. More particularly, the invention concerns a column for controlling and adjusting the retention time of the solid phase in the column independently of the retention time and flow rate of the liquid phase. Said column comprises means for applying low-amplitude and high-frequency pulses. The plates comprise an orifice for circulating all the phases between the stages or volumes of the column. Said orifices include closure means actuated into open position during the application of high-amplitude pulses. The inventive column enables the retention time of the solid phase to be controlled independently of the liquid phase retention time.

Pulsed column for solid/liquid system

L'invention concerne une colonne pulsee permettant de realiser un traitement d'un systeme comprenant une phase liquide et une phase solide.Elle concerne plus particulierement une colonne pulsee permettant de controler et regler le temps de sejour de la phase solide dans la colonne independamment du temps de sejour et du debit de la phase liquide. Cette colonne comprend des moyens d'application de pulsions d'amplitude faible et de frequence eleve et des moyens d'application de frequence d'amplitude forte et de frequence elevee. Les plateaux comprennent un orifice pour permettre la circulation de l'ensemble des phases entre les etages ou volumes de la colonne. Ces orifices comprennent des moyens d'obturation actionnes en position ouverte pendant l'application des impulsions de forte amplitude. la colonne de l'invention permet de controler le temps de sejour de la phase solide independamment du temps de sejour de la phase solde.

Laurent E. Prat

Papers

A global approach for the optimisation of batch reaction-separation processes

Application to the Extraction of Andrographolide from Plants

Recovery of succinic acid in fermentation broth via reactive LL extraction: effect of chemical kinetics and solvent choice

Pulsed column for solid/liquid system

Colonne pulsee pour systeme solide/liquide