Thermophysical Properties Research Literature Retrieval Guide Edited by Y. S. Touloukian, J. K. Gerritsen and N. Y. Moore Second edition, revised and expanded. Book 1: Pp. xxi + 819. Book 2: Pp.621. Book 3: Pp. ix + 1315. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) n.p.

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Heat and Mass Transfer

Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow Until recently, however, the question, “Should we do this in flow?” has merely been an afterthought This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts

The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry

We present a droplet-based microfluidic technology that enables high-throughput screening of single mammalian cells. This integrated platform allows for the encapsulation of single cells and reagents in independent aqueous microdroplets (1 pL to 10 nL volumes) dispersed in an immiscible carrier oil and enables the digital manipulation of these reactors at a very high-throughput. Here, we validate a full droplet screening workflow by conducting a droplet-based cytotoxicity screen. To perform this screen, we first developed a droplet viability assay that permits the quantitative scoring of cell viability and growth within intact droplets. Next, we demonstrated the high viability of encapsulated human monocytic U937 cells over a period of 4 days. Finally, we developed an optically-coded droplet library enabling the identification of the droplets composition during the assay read-out. Using the integrated droplet technology, we screened a drug library for its cytotoxic effect against U937 cells. Taken together our droplet microfluidic platform is modular, robust, uses no moving parts, and has a wide range of potential applications including high-throughput single-cell analyses, combinatorial screening, and facilitating small sample analyses.

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Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high-throughput screening

Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the invention of entirely new biocatalytic reactions that were previously unknown in Nature. It is now eminently feasible to develop enzymatic transformations to fit predefined parameters, resulting in processes that are truly sustainable by design. This approach has successfully been applied, for example, in the industrial synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition to the use of protein engineering, other aspects of biocatalysis engineering, such as substrate, medium, and reactor engineering, can be utilized to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness and, hence, the sustainability of biocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, immobilization of an enzyme ...

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Role of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Chemistry

Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.

Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment

Experimental Methodology for Kinetic Acquisitions Using High Velocities in a Microfluidic Device

During pharmaceutical syntheses, the reaction solvent has often to be switched off from one reaction step to the following one. Because of the standard industrial practices, solvent replacement generally constitutes a slow and high solvent-consuming operation. In this paper, a specific methodology, based on a batch processes optimisation framework, is proposed for the optimisation of solvent replacement procedures. Optimisation may be performed at different levels according to economic and environmental criteria and satisfying safety and waste treatment constraints. In fact, the proposed methodology allows both to design new procedures of solvent replacement and to improve existing industrial processes. Two industrial applications are detailed to emphasize the benefits related to this methodology. In each case, the proposed methodology leads to the suitable recipe from comparison of traditional and empirical replacement procedures generally used in the pharmaceutical industry.

https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/1242/2/Prat_1242.pdf

Optimisation of solvent replacement procedures according to economic and environmental criteria in pharmaceutical industry

L'invention concerne un procede de preparation d'une composition humique artificielle dans lequel on fait subir a une composition de matiere ligno-cellulosique fraiche un traitement thermique et mecanique, dit traitement mixte, dans lequel: - on place ladite composition de matiere ligno-cellulosique fraiche dans une enceinte (3) portee a une temperature comprise entre 1000C et 2800C, - on soumet ladite composition de matiere ligno-cellulosique fraiche a un traitement mecanique a sec comprenant au moins un deplacement entretenu d'au moins un organe mecanique rigide (2a ; 2b) au sein et au contact de ladite composition de matiere ligno-cellulosique fraiche. Ce traitement mixte permet de preparer un produit solide traite, d'un brun plus ou moins intense, riche en substances humiques artificielles. Ces substances humiques artificielles, faciles a extraire, notamment par extraction alcaline, montrent des proprietes remarquables sur la croissance et le developpement des plantes, et peuvent etre utilisees comme fertilisant.

Procede de preparation d'une composition humique artificielle, et applications

Kinetics is essential for chemical reactor modelling, in particular to reduce the inherent risks of extrapolation going along with scaling-up. Pharmaceutical industries are especially concerned. However, when chemical systems are very complex, development of good models may lead to prohibitively expensive and time consuming experiments. The aim of this paper is to describe an efficient experimental design strategy for discrimination of stoichio-kinetic models. The proposed methodology is based on model-based experimental design(optimal design), which uses information already acquired on models to determine the best conditions to implement a new experiment with the highest discrimination potential. The combination with microreactor technology is also proposed in this work. The whole procedure for model discrimination is firstly described in detail and then, applied to a numerical study case, consisting of a chemical synthesis carried out in a microreactor. The discrimination procedure efficiently leads to the determination of the single adequate model among the various potential models proposed before the implementation of the designed experiments.It is verified that the procedure does not depend on the set of preliminary experiments and is time-saving when compared to a classical factorial plan.

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Stoichio-kinetic model discrimination and parameter identification in continuous microreactors

A general framework for the dynamic simulation and optimisation of global batch synthesis has been developed. In this paper, its application to the optimisation of a methyl acetate production process by reactive batch distillation is presented. Experiments performed on a batch pilot plant allow validating the dynamic model. Hence, optimal tuning of the operating parameters of the reactive batch distillation has been investigated by means of the dynamic optimisation procedure.

Laurent E. Prat

Papers

Experimental Methodology for Kinetic Acquisitions Using High Velocities in a Microfluidic Device

Optimisation of solvent replacement procedures according to economic and environmental criteria in pharmaceutical industry

Procede de preparation d'une composition humique artificielle, et applications

Stoichio-kinetic model discrimination and parameter identification in continuous microreactors

Optimisation of a Methyl Acetate Production Process by Reactive Batch Distillation