Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is an important photocatalytic material that exists as two main polymorphs, anatase and rutile. The presence of either or both of these phases impacts on the photocatalytic performance of the material. The present work reviews the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The synthesis and properties of anatase and rutile are examined, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamics of the phase transformation and the factors affecting its observation. A comprehensive analysis of the reported effects of dopants on the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the mechanisms by which these effects are brought about is presented in this review, yielding a plot of the cationic radius versus the valence characterised by a distinct boundary between inhibitors and promoters of the phase transformation. Further, the likely effects of dopant elements, including those for which experimental data are unavailable, on the phase transformation are deduced and presented on the basis of this analysis.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10853-010-5113-0.pdf

Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation

Spectroscopy is the study of matter interacting with electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light). The electromagnetic spectrum in Figure 1 illustrates the many different types of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays (γ-rays), X-rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible light, infrared (IR) radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. The frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) ranges associated with each form of radiant energy are also indicated in Figure 1.

Introduction to Spectroscopy

WinXCom – a program for calculating x-ray attenuation coefficients

Phy-X / PSD: Development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry

Magnetic Relaxation in Fine‐Particle Systems

One hundred years of electrons

Abstract It is shown how Paul Villard's chemical interests guided him in his studies of cathode rays, X rays and radium rays. His experiments in radioactivity led to the unexpected discovery of gamma rays in 1900.

Leif Gerward

Papers

One hundred years of electrons

La découverte en 1900 des rayons gamma par Paul Villard/Paul Villard’s discovery of gamma rays. A centenary