Sustainable Development Goals

The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 61/106, by which the Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol thereto. As requested by the Assembly, a brief overview of the status of the Convention as at 3 August 2007 is presented. The report also contains a brief description of technical arrangements on staff and facilities made necessary for the effective performance of the functions of the Conference of States Parties and the Committee under the Convention and the Optional Protocol, and a description on the progressive implementation of standards and guidelines for the accessibility of facilities and services of the United Nations system. Recent efforts of the United Nations and agencies to disseminate information on the Convention and the Optional Protocol are also described.

わかりやすい障害者の権利条約 : 知的障害のある人の権利のために = Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities

It made it possible to improve people's lives. Now it prevents all forms of discrimination in the world. It helps to improve our world.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The core mission of National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is twofold. First, NINDS seeks fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system. Second, NINDS aims to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological diseases. In support of its mission, NINDS performs and funds basic, translational, and clinical neuroscience research on more than 600 neurological diseases, including genetic diseases (e.g. Huntington’s disease; muscular dystrophy), developmental disorders (e.g. cerebral palsy), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson’s disease; Alzheimer’s disease; multiple sclerosis), metabolic diseases (e.g. Gaucher’s disease), cerebrovascular diseases (e.g. stroke; vascular dementia), trauma (e.g. spinal cord and head injury), convulsive disorders (e.g. epilepsy), infectious diseases (e.g. AIDS dementia) and brain tumors. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) offer unique, powerful advantages to both components of the NINDS mission. In support of the first component, marmosets are particularly well suited for neuroanatomical and functional brain studies, as their brains retain the typical anatomical and functional organization of the primate brain. A major advantage is that the marmoset is a lissencephalic primate, which greatly facilitates the mapping of functional brain areas by neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI and optical imaging, as well as by electrophysiology, with high spatial resolution. In support of the second component, marmosets are excellent models of neurological disorders. Unlike rodents, marmosets are outbred and every individual is genetically different. Further, the marmoset brain has a gray-to-white matter ratio comparable to humans, which strongly facilitates modeling diseases such as multiple sclerosis and small vessel disease. The species also exhibits the breadth of cognitive sophistication that distinguishes primates from other taxonomic groups. Finally, geneedited marmosets can be generated with an intergeneration time and establishment of transgenic lines 2-3 times faster than other primate species, which makes marmosets be the ideal primate species for the development of genetically engineered lines. For all of the above reasons, marmosets are poised to be a central player to advance the core mission of the NINDS.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

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Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment

Introduction 
Disability and poverty are believed to operate in a cycle, with each reinforcing the other. While agreement on the existence of a link is strong, robust empirical evidence substantiating and describing this potential association is lacking. Consequently, a systematic review was undertaken to explore the relationship between disability and economic poverty, with a focus on the situation in low and middle income countries (LMICs).


Methods 
Ten electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies of any epidemiological design, published between 1990-March 2016 with data comparing the level of poverty between people with and without disabilities in LMICs (World Bank classifications). Poverty was defined using economic measures (e.g. assets, income), while disability included both broad assessments (e.g. self-reported functional or activity limitations) and specific impairments/disorders. Data extracted included: measures of association between disability and poverty, population characteristics and study characteristics. Proportions of studies finding positive, negative, null or mixed associations between poverty and disability were then disaggregated by population and study characteristics.


Results 
From the 15,500 records retrieved and screened, 150 studies were included in the final sample. Almost half of included studies were conducted in China, India or Brazil (n = 70, 47%). Most studies were cross-sectional in design (n = 124, 83%), focussed on specific impairment types (n = 115, 77%) and used income as the measure for economic poverty (n = 82, 55%). 122 studies (81%) found evidence of a positive association between disability and a poverty marker. This relationship persisted when results were disaggregated by gender, measure of poverty used and impairment types. By country income group at the time of data collection, the proportion of country-level analyses with a positive association increased with the rising income level, with 59% of low-income, 67% of lower-middle and 72% of upper-middle income countries finding a positive relationship. By age group, the proportion of studies reporting a positive association between disability and poverty was lowest for older adults and highest for working-age adults (69% vs. 86%).


Conclusions 
There is strong evidence for a link between disability and poverty in LMICs and an urgent need for further research and programmatic/policy action to break the cycle.

/pdf/poverty-and-disability-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-a-17py054k0p.pdf

Poverty and disability in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

All too often, disabled people are left behind in emergencies, and this is a risk in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This is an important issue, as globally there are approximately one billion people with disabilities. This number includes one in three people aged over 60, who are the group at greatest risk from COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic in the UK has highlighted additional difficulties that disabled people may face. Complying with preventative measures, like social distancing, can be challenging, particular for people who rely on carers. Disabled people may also be at greater risk of morbidity and mortality if they contract the virus, yet in danger of being de-prioritised for care. Many people with disabilities have ongoing healthcare needs, and these need to still be supported during the pandemic. Furthermore, people may become newly disabled as a result of the pandemic, and therefore require appropriate care. Good practice examples have emerged for meeting these challenges, such as guidance for healthcare professionals on treating people with dementia, but these need to be scaled up further and adapted for other settings. In conclusion, it is clear that a disability-inclusive COVID-19 response is needed, both in the UK and as the pandemic unfolds globally. This response will require inclusion of disability measures within data collection, consulting with disabled people, and tailoring responses to be appropriate for this group.

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/290235/Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdoms respon.pdf

Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom's response

https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1620497/1/1-s2.0-S0277953614001282-main.pdf

Surviving polio in a post-polio world

Objective To systematically review evidence on the prevalence and risk of disabilities among children and adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa Methods Articles were identified from 1980 to June 2013 through searching seven electronic databases Epidemiological studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa that explored the association between HIV status and general disability or specific impairments with or without an HIV-uninfected comparison group were eligible for inclusion Results Of 12 867 records initially identified 61 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion The prevalence of disability was high across age groups impairment types and study locations Furthermore 73% of studies using an HIV- comparator found significantly lower levels of functioning in people living with HIV (PLHIV) By disability type the results were as follows: (i) for studies measuring physical impairments (n = 14) median prevalence of limitations in mobility and motor function among PLHIV was 250% (95% CI: 218-282%) Five of eight comparator studies found significantly reduced functioning among PLHIV; for arthritis two of three studies which used an HIV- comparison group found significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV; (ii) for sensory impairment studies (n = 17) median prevalence of visual impairment was 112% (95%CI: 95-131%) and hearing impairment was 241% (95%CI: 192-290%) in PLHIV Significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV was found in one of four (vision) and three of three studies (hearing) with comparators; (iii) for cognitive impairment in adults (n = 30) median prevalence for dementia was 253% (95% CI: 220-286%) and 409% (95% CI: 377-441%) for general cognitive impairment Across all types of cognitive impairment twelve of fourteen studies found a significant detrimental effect of HIV infection; (iv) for developmental delay in children with HIV (n = 20) median prevalence of motor delay was 677% (95% CI: 622-732%) All nine studies that included a comparator found a significant difference between PLHIV and controls; for cognitive development and global delay a significant detrimental effect of HIV was found in five of six and one of two studies respectively In the nine cohort studies comparing vertically infected and uninfected children eight showed a significant gap in development over time in children with HIV Finally fifteen of thirty-one (48%) studies found a statistically significant dose-response relationship between indicators of disease progression (CD4 or WHO stage) and disability Conclusions HIV is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and the evidence suggests that it is linked to disabilities affecting a range of body structures and functions More research is needed to better understand the implications of HIV-related disability for individuals their families as well as those working in the fields of disability and HIV so that appropriate interventions can be developed

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tmi.12449

The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA).

This paper systematically reviews the evidence on whether persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries are adequately included in social protection programmes, and assesses the financial and non-financial impacts of participation. Overall, we found that access to social protection appears to fall far below need. Benefits from participation are mostly limited to maintaining minimum living standards and do not appear to fulfil the potential of long-term individual and societal social and economic development. However, the most notable finding of this review is that there is a dearth of high-quality, robust evidence in this area, indicating a need for further research.

Lena Morgon Banks

Papers

Poverty and disability in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom's response

Surviving polio in a post-polio world

The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA).

Disability and social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review